Name______________________________________________ ID ______________________________ Project 3 Evaluation 33 Physics 2 (SCIH 036 058) Be sure to include ALL pages of this project (including the directions and the assignment) when you send the project to your teacher for grading. Don’t forget to put your name and I.D. number at the top of this page! This project is worth 100 points and will count for 9% of your overall grade for this course. Be sure to read all the instructions and assemble all the necessary materials before you begin. You will record your data and insert your answers in this document. When you have completed this project you may submit it electronically through the online course management system. Check the instructions in the online course for more information. **If you choose to use your word processing, you may use the equation editor feature or drawing tools in your word processing to complete your project. Please be aware that you are responsible for learning to use these tools and for completing ALL parts of your project prior to submission.** **If you would rather print your project and write your answers by hand, you may still submit it electronically by scanning the pages into either .pdf (Portable Document Format), or .doc format (as an MS Word document). If you scan your project as images, embed them in a Word document in .gif image format—using .gif images that are smaller than 8 x 10 inches, or 600 x 800 pixels, will help ensure that the project is small enough to upload. Remember that a file that is larger than 5,000 K will NOT go through the online system. Make sure your pages are legible before you upload them.** Electricity & Circuits Introduction To create an electric circuit you need a power supply, some conductors, and a resistor of some sort to put the electricity to work. In this project you will investigate electricity and circuits using some common materials and the components from your Lab Kit Electricity Supplies. Materials required: Paper clips (about 20) Pencils Aluminum foil Steel Wool Large iron nail Aluminum can Ring magnet Electricity Kit Enamel copper magnet wire 4 D-cell batteries ***Please NOTE*** There is a mismatch between the project requirements and the equipment. The voltmeter will only measure up to 3V. Where necessary please make a note to your instructor this oversight and your RESULTS and grading will reflect this change. Project 3 SCIH 036 Resources For further information on the construction and use of electrical components and circuits, you can review Chapters 34 and 35 in your textbook or use your Internet access and the following URL’s. How to use a voltmeter http://www.doctronics.co.uk/meter.htm Series & Parallel Circuits http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/seriescircuit.htm http://www.charlesedisonfund.org/Experiments/HTMLexperiments/Chapter7/7-Expt2/p1.html Electromagnets & Motors http://hilaroad.com/camp/projects/magnet.html http://www.simplemotor.com/assembly.htm http://fly.hiwaay.net/~palmer/motor.html http://www.coolmagnetman.com/magdcem.htm Part A: Creating Simple Circuits (25 points possible) 1. Cut up strips of aluminum foil to use as wires. Using only the aluminum foil, a light bulb, and D-cell batteries, what is the minimum number of components you need to light a bulb? Draw your best setup. 2. Test the following materials to determine their conductivity. Place them in your circuit and use aluminum foil as wire connectors as needed. Draw your set up and construct a circuit diagram for each. a. a copper coin such as a penny b. a metal paperclip c. a pencil sharpened at both ends Project 3 SCIH 035 3. Find three more items from your home to test them for conductivity. Report your results in the following table. Item Evidence for conductivity 4. A short-circuit occurs when the electrons can avoid the resistor (bulb). This tends to create a high amount of current quickly, which results in excess heat and often causes fires. Create a short circuit by connecting one end of a D-cell battery directly to the other end with a strip of aluminum foil. a. Record your observations. b. Will a bulb light if you place it on top of the short circuit? Part B: Batteries in Series & Parallel (20 points possible) 5. Arrange D-cell batteries in series by lining them up end to end. Be sure that all the positive ends face the same direction. a. Place a bulb in the circuit and record the relative brightness here. b. Use the voltmeter to measure the potential difference from one end of the line to the other as in the picture that follows. Note that the voltmeter is NOT actually part of the circuit. You must complete the circuit without it and then measure. Number of a. Brightness b. Voltage (V) Batteries 1 D-cell 2 D-cells c. What is the relationship between the number of batteries in series and the voltage? What is the benefit of putting batteries in series? Project 3 3 D-cells 4 D-cells SCIH 035 6. Arrange D-cell batteries in parallel by lining them up side by side. In this arrangement, all the positive terminals are connected to each other and all the negative terminals are connected to each other with aluminum foil. Note that the voltmeter is NOT part of the circuit. You must complete the circuit without it and then measure. a. Place a bulb in the circuit and record the relative brightness. b. Use the voltmeter to measure the potential difference between the two pieces of aluminum. Number of Batteries a. Brightness b. Voltage (V) 1 D-cell 2 D-cells 3 D-cells 4 D-cells c. What is the relationship between the number of batteries in parallel and the voltage? What is the benefit of putting batteries in parallel? 7. Use the voltmeter to measure the potential difference between the two wires on your double D-cell battery holder. Based on this information, are these batteries aligned in parallel or in series? Project 3 SCIH 035 Part C: Resistors in Series and Parallel (25 points possible) Bulbs, motors, pumps, fans and anything else that uses electrical energy is a resistor—it slows down the flow of electrons by putting them to work. Like batteries, resistors can be connected in both series and in parallel. Connect bulbs in series as shown below. To do this, the electricity must have only one path it can follow and must flow through each bulb in turn as shown here. 8. Start with 2 bulbs in series and then add another one. a. What happens to the brightness of the bulbs as you add the third one? b. What happens to the circuit if you remove the middle bulb? Connect bulbs in parallel as shown here. To do this, each bulb must be connected directly to the battery so that the electrons have multiple paths that can be followed. 9. Start with 2 bulbs in series and then add bulbs another one. a. What happens to the brightness of the bulbs as you add more? b. What happens to the circuit if you remove the middle bulb? Project 3 SCIH 035 10. Christmas tree lights come in long strings. Do you suppose these strings are more likely designed in series or in parallel? How could you check? 11. Your house has many circuits in it. One of the most obvious is a circuit involving wall outlets. Do you suppose your wall outlets are designed in series or in parallel? How can you be sure? Part D: Electromagnets (10 points possible) An electromagnet can be made very easily by wrapping wire around a nail and running current through it. The wire must be coated in enamel so that a short circuit does not occur. A short circuit with a battery would not be dangerous, but would make your electromagnet useless. 12. What is the relationship between the number of wraps and the strength of the electromagnet? Create an electromagnet by wrapping enamel wire around it and using it to pick up a string of paperclips. Be sure the paperclips are attached to each other and that only the tip of the electromagnet is being used to attract the clips. Number of Number of Turns paperclips picked up 25 50 100 200 400 800 Voltage (V) Project 3 Number of SCIH 035 13. What is the relationship between the voltage of the battery and the strength of the electromagnet? Arrange batteries in series to get voltages of 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, and 9 volts and test the electromagnet with paperclips. paperclips picked up 1.5 3 4.5 6 9 Part E: Electric Motor (20 points possible) A motor is any device that takes electrical energy and turns it into mechanical energy. In this project you will convert the chemical/electrical energy of a battery into the kinetic energy of a spinning loop of wire. 14. Wrap about 2m of enamel speaker wire around a 1.5V AA battery to make a donut of wire. Leave about 5cm of wire sticking out on either end and wrap some of this wire around either side of the donut to secure it. You should end up with something that looks like this. 15. Strip about 4cm of enamel coating from each end of the wire to expose the copper. Sandpaper works well. 16. Cut 2 pieces from an aluminum can. Each should be about 3 inches long and 1 inch wide. Bend them into an L-shape and secure them as supports for your motor as shown below. Create a small hole in the top of each support (you can carefully punch a hole with the nail). 17. Assemble the two supports with a ring magnet in between and the wire donut supported over the magnet as shown in the following picture. Connect a battery with wires to each support. Project 3 SCIH 035 Feel free to use web resources or your textbook to help find the answers these questions 18. Explain how this motor works. Be sure to account for all components. 19. How could you set up this motor to be used as a generator? 20. Create several loops with different numbers of turns from very few to very many. How does the number of turns affect the performance of your motor? 21. Connect your motor to several different voltages. How does the voltage applied affect the performance of your motor? Project 3 SCIH 035 Project Submission and Grading This project will be graded according to the following rubric: Objective Construction and Data Calculations Evaluation of Data Possible Grade (in percentage points) Exceeds minimum project expectations Meets minimum project Approaches course expectations expectations Does not meet course expectations Tables completed accurately. Data is easy to read and comprehend. Drawings are complete and easy to follow. Tables and drawings represent the minimum requirements but may be difficult to read (too small, or elements not clearly identified). Some tables and drawings do not accurately reflect data required. Some parts completed, but some lacking in definition or specificity. Construction of tables and drawings does not reflect instructions. All calculations completed accurately. All work is shown and calculations are easy to follow. Most calculations completed accurately. Most of the work is shown and calculations are somewhat easy to follow. Some calculations completed accurately. Not all work is shown and some calculations are difficult to follow. Calculations not completed accurately. Not all work is shown. All explanations are clear, concise, and accurate for the data presented. Questions are answered thoroughly and with evident reflection and understanding of the concepts. Most explanations are clear, concise, and accurate for the data presented. Questions were answered but could have shown a more thorough understanding of the concepts. Some explanations are clear and accurate for the data presented. Student does not demonstrate a good understanding of the concepts. Evaluation of data is not complete. 90-100 80-90 70-80 69 or below This project can be submitted electronically. Check the Project page under “My Work” in the UNHS online course management system or your enrollment information with your print materials for more detailed instructions. 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