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I wrote topic in file. Please careful reading follow them
Please follow this Guideline and Rubric closely while you write your
10-page research paper. Dr. Sam Ngovo
1. Your paper should have a clear introduction, stating a clear THESIS/THEME of your
research in the first paragraph.
2. Also state in the first paragraph the significance of your study. Why is the study
important in African History or History of Black people globally? What NEW
INFORMATION your research reveals in relation to what other writers have said about
the topic or similar topic?
3. AVOID THE USE OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUN “I” IN THE PAPER. For example “I plan to
write about…” Simply say, “This paper is about or this paper examines or explores…”
4. The body of the paper should read smoothly and clearly. It should be edited for wrong
grammar and sentences. Try to use short sentences and not long sentences that will
confuse the idea you want to convey or put forward. Proof read your paper for wrong
spellings.
5. Write or type paper one-sided. Each page be separated into paragraphs.
6. Your conclusion should be the last paragraph and should highlights or clearly
states/provide summary of the main points or themes your paper examined, including
new information or idea your research revealed. Remember that the paper is a research
paper.
7. You MUST use FOOTNOTES citations, NOT APA or MLA citations.
8. Footnote citation format: There should be NO URL or www. Wikipedia.com, www.
Google.com, http://www.sources.com.
The War of 1812 is rightly called the American second war of independence because the
war finally led to the British removing all of their troops from the soil of the United
States. 1 The removal of the troops represented the British acknowledgement of the
victory and sovereignty of the United States. 2
9. The last page of the paper should have the list of books, articles and any sources you
used to write the paper.
10. Names in bibliography should be written in alphabetical order: a,b,c, etc.
1 John Doe. The American Second War of Independence. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), P. 7.
2 James Peterson. “The Second Victory for Americans after the War of 1812.” Journal of War History. Vol. 5, no.
6(1820), p. 12.
Example of footnotes and Bibliographical format citations of books and
articles:
Bibliographical Format of a book: Doe, John. The History of the American Revolution.
New York: New York University Press, 1978.
Book citation for footnote: John Doe. The History of the American Revolution. (New
York: New York University Press, 1978), p. 20.
Article format in Bibliography: Doe, John. “The Federalists Interpretation of the
American Constitution.” Journal of American History, vol. 6, no. 23 (1964), p. 16.
Article citation for footnote: John Doe. “The Federalists Interpretation of the American
Constitution.” Journal of American History, vol. 6, no. 23 (1964), p. 16.
INTERVIEW CITATIONS:
Bibliography: Peters, Linda. Interviewed May 7, 2018. Baltimore, Maryland.
Footnote citation: Linda Peters. Interviewed May 7, 2018. Baltimore, Maryland.
Rubric for Paper
1. Paper without clear Title, introduction, a clear Thesis/theme, research significance,
and new info/idea explored in the paper. (-10 points).
2. Paper with a very broad or vague title, without names, course section, not related to
Africa or Black people (-20points).
3. Paper not staple before submission (-25points).
4. Use of personal Pronoun “I”: (-3 points for each use).
5. Lack of paragraphs and indentions on pages of the paper: (-5 points each page).
6. Lack of double-spacing or typing on both sides of the paper: (-10 points each page).
7. Paper with disjointed and repeated sentences and ideas, wrong spellings, very long
sentence(s) (-10 points every paragraph).
8. Paper without clarity in Conclusion and failed to highlights NEW info/ideas the
research revealed. (-10 points).
9. The use of any websites such as www.google.com, or Wikipedia or any www.com as
sources on any page: (-5 points for each citation).
10. Sources should include published books and journal articles and newspapers.
Footnote citations without names of authors, titles of sources cited, and citation
pages: (-5 points each page).
11. Bibliographical sources not arrange alphabetically and/or less than five: (-15 points).
12. After the first citation of a book, article or any source, the citation of the same
source and page should cited as “Ibid,” the same source but different page should
be “Ibid,” page #. (-5 each page for not doing so).
13. The use of one source for more than three pages (-5points every time)
14. The use of APA or MLA on any page: (-5points each page).
15. Paper less than 10 pages (-25 points).
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Outline
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
References
Surname 1
Name
Course
Instructor
Date
Surname 2
Introduction
A Kenyan mobile telecommunication firm, called Safaricom, launched Mpesa money
transfer in 2007. Mpesa is a micro-financing service that serves Kenyans and Africans at large
and is designed to enhance easy access to basic banking transactions through mobile phones
instead of the usual banks. Mpesa users escalated to over 15.2 million by 2013 as compared to
the 19 million Mpesa subscribers.1 The scheme also earned a total revenue of over 10.4 billion
Kenyan shillings with 32% annual growth.2 The significance of this study is to help all the
mobile money agents and users particularly the black Africans, to appreciate the importance and
benefits of the Mpesa money transfer. Additionally, it helps in business evaluation of how the
Mpesa money transfer impacts the socio-economic status of the African American diaspora. This
study explores the impacts of Mpesa money transfer in Kenya on the socio-economic status of
the African Americans and the importance of the services to the history of the blacks, in Africa
and America.
Background
In 2006 and 2009, before Mpesa invention, money was sent using a mixture of formal
and informal channels.3 Formal money transfer was locally done by use of larger bus companies
whereby the recipients collected the funds or parcels at given designated bus terminals. Post
offices were also used as formal money transfer methods.4 Informal money transfer was through
1
Ntara, Caroline. "An Analysis of M-Pesa Use in International Transactions."
2
Jacob, Frank. "The Role of M-Pesa in Kenya’s Economic and Political Development." In Kenya After 50, pp. 89-100.
Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2016.
3
4
Ibid., 80
Morawczynski, Olga. "Surviving in the‗ dual system ‘: How M-PESA is fostering urban-to-rural remittances in a
Kenyan Slum,‖ in." In Proceedings of the IFIP WG, vol. 9, pp. 110-127. 2008.
Surname 3
mini-buses and matatu operators. Transfer of money outside the Kenyan borders (Africa and
America) was made possible by MoneyGram and the Western Union. However, the Western
Union was less common among the African American as only 10% or less utilize it.5 The
inception of the Mpesa services in 2007, significantly impacted the money transfer industry. In
two years, it became the leading method of money transfer with more than 50% sending and
65% receiving money from the services in 2009.6
Vodafone, one of the primary stakeholders of the Safaricom Company has recognized
that Mpesa should not be limited to the local Kenyans but also Africans at large including the
African American diaspora. Thus, Mpesa has been expanded to the global scene outside Kenya,
including Fiji, Afghanistan Tanzania, South Africa DRC and India. In addition, the partnership
between Safaricom and the Western Union has allowed Mpesa clients to receive money from
over 45 nations including the U.S, U.K, Canada and Italy. Telecommunications in Kenya obtain
more than 4% of total cash remittances obtained from foreign states.7
The chief focus for the Mpesa invention was to bridge the gap for the less privileged
individuals who faced difficulties in engaging in formal banking businesses. Safaricom has
recently partnered with other global money transfer providers to enhance Kenyans in America to
send money to Mpesa accounts of Safaricom customers in Kenya. These providers include
MoneyGram, Western Union, Skrill IT, Xpress Money and WorldRemit.8 Safaricom has
5
Ibid., 111
6
Mbiti, I., & Weil, D. N. (2011). Mobile banking: The impact of M-Pesa in Kenya (No. w17129). National Bureau of
Economic Research.
7
8
Ntara, 36
Kirimi, Gatwiri. "The Effect of Mpesa Money Transfer Service on the Socio-Economic Status of the Mpesa Agents:
A Case of Nairobi County." PhD diss., United States International University-Africa, 2018.
Surname 4
partnered with MoneyGram which sends money to Mpesa accounts directly. This benefits
African students abroad especially in UK and US. The Mpesa money transfer serves several
functions including electronic transfer, storage and withdrawal of money, airtime top-up,
purchase of goods and services, payment of school fees providing loan and savings products,
international remittance and utility bills. Additionally, companies may also apply Mpesa for
disbursing their employee salaries as well as collect the bill payments. Using the text messaging,
Mpesa marked the first mobile banking services and easily penetrated the market due to lack of
the formal banking institutions.
Impact of Mpesa on economic growth
Technology Innovations
Through the positive impacts on the bank efficiencies and banking systems, the
technological innovations have a positive effect on the overall economic growth. The
investments of mobile telecommunications infrastructure bring about a positive and substantial
impact on economic growth. One-unit elevation in the penetration of mobile phone escalated the
economic growth of the country by approximately 0.039%.9 Additionally, due to inadequate
landline infrastructure, the effect may be twice as huge in the African developing countries in
comparison with the already developed countries. There has been a positive impact on the
economic growth, given the telecommunication infrastructure and the payment technology
independently. Combined, there would be a more significant positive impact on the economy.10
9
Ibid., 120.
10
Dodgson, Mark, David Gann, Irving Wladawsky-Berger, and Gerard George. "From the digital divide to inclusive
innovation: Th...