I wrote topic of M-Pesa money transfer service in Kenya (History African American Diaspora)

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10-page research paper. Dr. Sam Ngovo

1. Your paper should have a clear introduction, stating a clear THESIS/THEME of your

research in the first paragraph.

2. Also state in the first paragraph the significance of your study. Why is the study

important in African History or History of Black people globally? What NEW

INFORMATION your research reveals in relation to what other writers have said about

the topic or similar topic?

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Google.com, http://www.sources.com.

The War of 1812 is rightly called the American second war of independence because the

war finally led to the British removing all of their troops from the soil of the United

States. 1 The removal of the troops represented the British acknowledgement of the

victory and sovereignty of the United States. 2

9. The last page of the paper should have the list of books, articles and any sources you

used to write the paper.

10. Names in bibliography should be written in alphabetical order: a,b,c, etc.

1 John Doe. The American Second War of Independence. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), P. 7.

2 James Peterson. “The Second Victory for Americans after the War of 1812.” Journal of War History. Vol. 5, no.

6(1820), p. 12.

Example of footnotes and Bibliographical format citations of books and

articles:

Bibliographical Format of a book: Doe, John. The History of the American Revolution.

New York: New York University Press, 1978.

Book citation for footnote: John Doe. The History of the American Revolution. (New

York: New York University Press, 1978), p. 20.

Article format in Bibliography: Doe, John. “The Federalists Interpretation of the

American Constitution.” Journal of American History, vol. 6, no. 23 (1964), p. 16.

Article citation for footnote: John Doe. “The Federalists Interpretation of the American

Constitution.” Journal of American History, vol. 6, no. 23 (1964), p. 16.

INTERVIEW CITATIONS:

Bibliography: Peters, Linda. Interviewed May 7, 2018. Baltimore, Maryland.

Footnote citation: Linda Peters. Interviewed May 7, 2018. Baltimore, Maryland.

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1. Paper without clear Title, introduction, a clear Thesis/theme, research significance,

and new info/idea explored in the paper. (-10 points).

2. Paper with a very broad or vague title, without names, course section, not related to

Africa or Black people (-20points).

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sentence(s) (-10 points every paragraph).

8. Paper without clarity in Conclusion and failed to highlights NEW info/ideas the

research revealed. (-10 points).

9. The use of any websites such as www.google.com, or Wikipedia or any www.com as

sources on any page: (-5 points for each citation).

10. Sources should include published books and journal articles and newspapers.

Footnote citations without names of authors, titles of sources cited, and citation

pages: (-5 points each page).

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be “Ibid,” page #. (-5 each page for not doing so).

13. The use of one source for more than three pages (-5points every time)

14. The use of APA or MLA on any page: (-5points each page).

15. Paper less than 10 pages (-25 points).

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Surname 1 Mohammad Dr. Samuel Ngovo History 350.002 September 24, 2018 M-Pesa money transfer service in Kenya One of the most prominent inventions in Kenya and Africa as a whole is the mobile phone-based money transfer service, M-Pesa. Due to the banking problems and consequent challenges in the access of funds, there was a need to effectively have a way of storing money for the ordinary citizen, with room for safe and secure transfer of funds (CNBC Africa 1). The dynamics of the country favor this invention since most people engage in small-scale industries. In the country today, it is impossible for anyone to survive without using this service. M-Pesa offers facilities such as money transfer, payment for services, loans, and linkages to third party accounts such as banks for money transfer (Safaricom 1). This versatility is what makes the invention stand out and allow for different avenues for growth and development. The lack of strong formal banking institutions before the invention made it stick out and easily penetrate the market. The primary focus of the invention is bridging the gap especially for the poor and middle-class business people who found it hard to engage in formal businesses with the banks (Joseph 1). Today, this invention has revolutionized the country of Kenya, since it allows for numerous services (CNBC Africa 1). Many businesses, especially those run by small-scale traders use capital from the multiple integrations with bank services that offer loans on a daily basis, allowing them to use the money and refund it by the end of the day. Therefore, M-Pesa Surname 2 spurs economic growth in the county by being a significant player in the economy. In 2017, transactions on M-Pesa were almost half of the country's GDP, thus pointing to the critical area that the invention holds for the country (Munda 1). M-Pesa is a truly Kenyan invention that simplifies the way of life in the country and allows for more accessible and more secure mobile-phone based money services. Surname 3 Works Cited CNBC Africa. "M-Pesa Has Completely Transformed Kenya's Economy, This Is How... - CNBC Africa". CNBC Africa, 2018africa/2017/01/04/mpesa-economic-impact-on-kenya/. Accessed 24 Sept 2018. Joseph, Michael. "M-Pesa: The Story of How the World’S Leading Mobile Money Service Was Created in Kenya". Vodafone.Com, 2018, Accessed 24 Sept 2018. Munda, Constant. "Transactions Through Mobile Money Platforms Close to Half GDP". Daily Nation, 2017, http://Transactions through mobile money platforms close to half GDP. Accessed 24 Sept 2018. Safaricom. 2018,
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Outline

Introduction
Body
Conclusion
References


Surname 1

Name
Course
Instructor
Date

Surname 2

Introduction
A Kenyan mobile telecommunication firm, called Safaricom, launched Mpesa money
transfer in 2007. Mpesa is a micro-financing service that serves Kenyans and Africans at large
and is designed to enhance easy access to basic banking transactions through mobile phones
instead of the usual banks. Mpesa users escalated to over 15.2 million by 2013 as compared to
the 19 million Mpesa subscribers.1 The scheme also earned a total revenue of over 10.4 billion
Kenyan shillings with 32% annual growth.2 The significance of this study is to help all the
mobile money agents and users particularly the black Africans, to appreciate the importance and
benefits of the Mpesa money transfer. Additionally, it helps in business evaluation of how the
Mpesa money transfer impacts the socio-economic status of the African American diaspora. This
study explores the impacts of Mpesa money transfer in Kenya on the socio-economic status of
the African Americans and the importance of the services to the history of the blacks, in Africa
and America.
Background
In 2006 and 2009, before Mpesa invention, money was sent using a mixture of formal
and informal channels.3 Formal money transfer was locally done by use of larger bus companies
whereby the recipients collected the funds or parcels at given designated bus terminals. Post
offices were also used as formal money transfer methods.4 Informal money transfer was through
1

Ntara, Caroline. "An Analysis of M-Pesa Use in International Transactions."

2

Jacob, Frank. "The Role of M-Pesa in Kenya’s Economic and Political Development." In Kenya After 50, pp. 89-100.
Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2016.
3
4

Ibid., 80

Morawczynski, Olga. "Surviving in the‗ dual system ‘: How M-PESA is fostering urban-to-rural remittances in a
Kenyan Slum,‖ in." In Proceedings of the IFIP WG, vol. 9, pp. 110-127. 2008.

Surname 3

mini-buses and matatu operators. Transfer of money outside the Kenyan borders (Africa and
America) was made possible by MoneyGram and the Western Union. However, the Western
Union was less common among the African American as only 10% or less utilize it.5 The
inception of the Mpesa services in 2007, significantly impacted the money transfer industry. In
two years, it became the leading method of money transfer with more than 50% sending and
65% receiving money from the services in 2009.6
Vodafone, one of the primary stakeholders of the Safaricom Company has recognized
that Mpesa should not be limited to the local Kenyans but also Africans at large including the
African American diaspora. Thus, Mpesa has been expanded to the global scene outside Kenya,
including Fiji, Afghanistan Tanzania, South Africa DRC and India. In addition, the partnership
between Safaricom and the Western Union has allowed Mpesa clients to receive money from
over 45 nations including the U.S, U.K, Canada and Italy. Telecommunications in Kenya obtain
more than 4% of total cash remittances obtained from foreign states.7
The chief focus for the Mpesa invention was to bridge the gap for the less privileged
individuals who faced difficulties in engaging in formal banking businesses. Safaricom has
recently partnered with other global money transfer providers to enhance Kenyans in America to
send money to Mpesa accounts of Safaricom customers in Kenya. These providers include
MoneyGram, Western Union, Skrill IT, Xpress Money and WorldRemit.8 Safaricom has
5

Ibid., 111

6

Mbiti, I., & Weil, D. N. (2011). Mobile banking: The impact of M-Pesa in Kenya (No. w17129). National Bureau of
Economic Research.
7
8

Ntara, 36

Kirimi, Gatwiri. "The Effect of Mpesa Money Transfer Service on the Socio-Economic Status of the Mpesa Agents:
A Case of Nairobi County." PhD diss., United States International University-Africa, 2018.

Surname 4

partnered with MoneyGram which sends money to Mpesa accounts directly. This benefits
African students abroad especially in UK and US. The Mpesa money transfer serves several
functions including electronic transfer, storage and withdrawal of money, airtime top-up,
purchase of goods and services, payment of school fees providing loan and savings products,
international remittance and utility bills. Additionally, companies may also apply Mpesa for
disbursing their employee salaries as well as collect the bill payments. Using the text messaging,
Mpesa marked the first mobile banking services and easily penetrated the market due to lack of
the formal banking institutions.
Impact of Mpesa on economic growth
Technology Innovations
Through the positive impacts on the bank efficiencies and banking systems, the
technological innovations have a positive effect on the overall economic growth. The
investments of mobile telecommunications infrastructure bring about a positive and substantial
impact on economic growth. One-unit elevation in the penetration of mobile phone escalated the
economic growth of the country by approximately 0.039%.9 Additionally, due to inadequate
landline infrastructure, the effect may be twice as huge in the African developing countries in
comparison with the already developed countries. There has been a positive impact on the
economic growth, given the telecommunication infrastructure and the payment technology
independently. Combined, there would be a more significant positive impact on the economy.10

9

Ibid., 120.

10

Dodgson, Mark, David Gann, Irving Wladawsky-Berger, and Gerard George. "From the digital divide to inclusive
innovation: Th...


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