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Running head: MEASUREMENT OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION

The Measurement of Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
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MEASUREMENT OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION

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The Measurement of Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Introduction
Cellular respiration refers to a catabolic process that occurs in the mitochondria of cells
where stored energy from complex molecules is broken down into adenosine triphosphate.
Adenosine triphosphate is the primary source of cell energy. Cellular respiration occurs in both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It is a redox reaction that takes place in three metabolic stages.
Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration which occurs in the cytosol whereby glucose is
broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis takes place
through anaerobic respiration hence, does not require oxygen. (Papapetridis et al., 2018) The
second stage of cellular respiration involves the breakdown of pyruvate through aerobic process
in the mitochondria of the cell. Here, the pyruvate is oxidized and loses three carbons to form an
acetyl group which then bind with the coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA compound that is broken
down in the citric acid cycle. The remaining carbon atoms are released as Carbon dioxide. The
citric acid cycle produces two molecules of ATP. The coenzymes NAD + and FAD are oxidized
as they lose hydrogen atoms to form NADH and FADH 2. These molecules are used to transport
hydrogen molecules during the beginning of electron transport chain in the inner membrane of
the mitochondria. The hydrogen molecules in the electron transport chain split into protons and
electrons.
The electron is devoured in the chain and after that went through film proteins, trading
off the electron transport chain. The energy from the H+ inclination unites the redox responses
happening in the electron transport chain to ATP. In request to assemble a proton slope over the
inward film, the energy from the electrons is utilized. The protons that are focused outside of the
mitochondrial matrix stream back inside giving energy to the ATP synthase chemical. This

MEASUREMENT OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION

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chemical joins with the phosphate molecule adenosine diphosphate, making ATP. With the ATP
delivered in the two before stages, from one atom of glucose, roughly 36 molecules of ATP are
created. Closing the electron transport chain, two protons and electrons are united back joining
with oxygen making a solitary particle of water. In the event that oxygen was absent, an
excessive number of electrons would be available in the system and causing the system quit
working.
Cellular respiration can be best illustrated using the equation below
C6 H12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H2 O + energy
Fermentation is also a catabolic process which occurs through anaerobic respiration
(Yang et al., 2018). Organic fuels such as sugar are partially broken down without using oxygen.
The process usually occurs in prokaryotes that live in areas that are deprived of oxygen. The
common types of fermentation include lactic acid fermentat...


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