Rewriting midterm paper

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I need to rewrite and edit my paper, all documents needed, lecture notes and my paper attached.

It's 6 pages long but I wrote 3 pages and I need to get some extra editing on question 2 and question 3.

1. Explain and contextualize the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 19th amendments. How did these amendments expand the boundaries of freedom in the United States?

2. Discuss the three principles of Jim Crow. Explain the two competing notions that were advocated by African American leaders for fighting white supremacy at the turn of the 20th century.

2. Discuss Wilson’s political ideology. Did World War I make the world “safe for democracy?”




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Emancipa(on  and  the  Making  of   Reconstruc(on   • 1.  Reconstruc-on  on  the  Ground   • 2.  Andrew  Johnson’s  Reconstruc(on   • 3.  The  Rise  of  Radical  Reconstruc(on   Emancipa(on   • 4  million  African  American  slaves  win  their   freedom   • January  1,  1863  –  Emancipa(on  Proclama(on   grants  freedom  to  slaves  in  areas  currently   under  Confederate  control   • January  1865  –  13th  Amendment,  outlawing   slavery  and  involuntary  servitude,  passes   Congress.  It  is  ra(fied  by  the  states  late  in  the   year.   Former  slaves  on  the  move,  1865   Freedpeople’s  school,  Vicksburg,  MS  1866   Freedmen’s  Bureau   • Full  name:  Bureau  of  Refugees,  Freedmen,   and  Abandoned  Lands   • Exists  1865-­‐1872   • Established  by  federal  government   • Charged  with  assis(ng  former  slaves  in  their   transi(on  to  freedom.     Emancipa(on  and  the  Making  of   Reconstruc(on   • 1.  Reconstruc(on  on  the  ground   • 2.  Andrew  Johnson’s  Reconstruc-on   • 3.  The  Rise  of  Radical  Reconstruc(on   Andrew  Johnson   “May  Proclama(ons”   • May  1865   • Johnson  lays  out  his  Reconstruc(on  policy   • Proclama(on  of  Amnesty  and  Reconstruc(on   pardons  all  Confederates,  with  some  excep(ons   (Confederate  leaders  and  rich  landowners)   • A  second  proclama(on  states  that  southern   states  will  rejoin  Union  a]er  rewri(ng  their  state   cons(tu(ons  to  ban  slavery.  Elec(ons  are  only   open  to  white  men.   Radical  Republicans   • Senators  and  Representa(ves   • Call  for  deeper  change  in  southern  poli(cs,   society,  and  economics   • Believe  that  the  na(on  has  a  moral  obliga(on   to  ensure  black  equality  in  the  postwar  na(on   • Oppose  Johnson’s  Reconstruc(on  policies,   which  they  find  too  lenient  towards  white   South   Black  Codes   • Passed  in  every  former  Confederate  state  in  late  1865   • Provide  some  rights  to  former  slaves  (marriage),  but   severely  limit  black  mobility  and  opportunity   • Ban  public  mee(ngs  and  limit  freedom  of  speech   • Force  freedpeople  to  sign  yearly  contracts  to  work  for   whites  –  those  who  do  not  will  have  labor  sold  to  the   highest  bidder   • No  guns  for  freedpeople     • **  Abempt  to  re-­‐create  basic  labor  arrangements  of   slavery  in  an  age  of  freedom  **   Emancipa(on  and  the  Making  of   Reconstruc(on   • 1.  Reconstruc(on  on  the  ground   • 2.  Andrew  Johnson’s  Reconstruc(on   • 3.  The  Rise  of  Radical  Reconstruc-on   Radical  Republican  leaders     Massachusebs  Senator  Charles  Sumner   Pennsylvania  Rep.  Thaddeus  Stevens   1866  Civil  Rights  Bill   • Passes  Congress  March  1866.  Johnson  vetoes,   Congress  overrides  veto  with  2/3  majority  of   both  House   • Defines  all  persons  born  in  the  United  States  –   with  the  excep(on  of  Indians  –  as  U.S.  ci(zens.     • Lists  the  rights  guarantee  by  U.S.  ci(zenship,   including  the  right  to  make  contracts,  hold   property,  sue  and  tes(fy  in  court,  and  enjoy  “full   and  equal  benefit”  of  all  state  and  federal  laws.     Memphis  Riot,  May  1866   Fourteenth  Amendment  to  the  U.S.   Cons(tu(on   • Passes  Congress  June  1866   • Incorporates  expanded  defini(ons  of  ci(zenship   and  ci(zenship  rights  into  the  Cons(tu(on   • Says  nothing  about  poli(cal  rights  (i.e.  vo(ng)   • Southern  states  refuse  to  ra(fy,  pushes  Congress   towards  African  American  vo(ng  rights   • Final  ra(fica(on  July  1868   Why  black  suffrage?   • Black  lives  remain  insecure  in  South  in  1867   • Southern  states  refuse  to  respect  African   American  Civil  Rights  and  refuse  to  ra(fy  14th   Amendment   • Armed  with  the  vote,  southern  freedpeople   will  be  able  to  protect  themselves  by  elec(ng   candidates  who  will  respect  and  protect  their   civil  rights   Reconstruc(on  Act  of  1867   • Legalizes  black  suffrage  across  the  South   • Makes  white  supremacist  Johnson   governments  provisional,  charges  military   with  keeping  order   • To  regain  their  seats  in  Congress,  southern   states  must  rewrite  Cons(tu(ons  (again!),  this   (me  guaranteeing  black  suffrage   “The  First  Vote”  (1867)   Impeachment  trial  of  Andrew  Johnson   (1867)   Andrew  Johnson  Impeachment   • Technically,  charges  stem  from  improper   dismissal  of  Secretary  of  War  Edwin  Stanton.   Real  purpose  is  to  protect  the  Reconstruc(on   effort  from  Johnson.   • House  presents  its  case  to  the  Senate.  2/3  of   Senate  must  vote  “guilty”  to  remove  Johnson   from  office.   • 36  votes  needed  to  remove;  35  senators  vote   guilty.  Impeachment  abempt  fails.   The Retreat from Reconstruction • 1. Black Politics in the Reconstruction South • 2. White Supremacist Violence • 3. The North and the Turn from Reconstruction 15th Amendment • Passes Congress 1869, ratified by states 1870 • Last of the so-called Reconstruction Amendments • Section 1 reads: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Women’s Rights Activists and Reconstruction • 15th Amendment extends suffrage to black men, but not white or black women • Feminists activists such as Susan B. Anthony (right) and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (left) break with former allies over voting rights • Anthony and Stanton call for truly universal suffrage (including women) “Electioneering at the South” (1868) Ulysses S. Grant • Former Union General • Elected President of the U.S. in 1868 • Republican • First election in which African Americans could vote. Grant owes margin of victory to black southern vote Republican Allies • “Scalawags” – southern white Republicans; largely from poor regions of the South • “Carpetbaggers” – northern transplants. Mostly former Union soldiers • Both terms are coined by Democrats and intended to be insults (see stereotypical “carpetbagger” to the right) Accomplishments of Southern Republican Party during Reconstruction • Black officeholders: 600 in state legislatures; 2 in U.S. Senate; 16 in U.S. House of Representatives • Establish public school systems • Upgrade hospitals and poor relief • Support railroad construction/transportation • Civil Rights legislation • Liberalize marriage laws (women retain control over property) and criminal justice system • “Brought the South into the 19th Century” Sharecropping • Starts during Reconstruction compromise between poor farmers (black and white) and landowners • Farmers agree to provide portion of crop to landowner at year’s end • Easily abused – loans and debt imprison sharecroppers on their land. “Debt peonage” Barrow plantation in Louisiana, 1860 and 1881. Each black dot on right represents a sharecropping family. Sharecropping Barrow plantation in Louisiana, 1860 and 1881. Each black dot on right represents a sharecropping family. The Retreat from Reconstruction • 1. Black Politics in the Reconstruction South • 2. White Supremacist Violence • 3. The North and the Turn from Reconstruction Redemption • Campaign of political violence that overthrows Reconstruction across the South • Religious overtones – Redeemers consider this a crusade to save white supremacy and the South • When a state has been restored to Democratic control (Democratic governor and legislature) it is said to be “redeemed” • Occurs quickly in some states (Virginia), but stretches into the midi1870s in others Ku Klux Klan • White supremacist terrorist organization, active 18681872 • Political intentions – military arm of the Democratic party • Night visits to homes of black and white Republicans • Threats, beating, rape, murder • Federal enforcement legislation 1871-1872 ends Klan’s reign of terror Redemption and the KKK • “White League” and “Red Shirts” commit acts of violence in support of white supremacy and the Democratic party • Daytime violence, no costumes • • • • 1874 Colfax massacre 1874 New Orleans coup 1875 Mississippi Redemption 1876 “Mississippi Plan” used in South Carolina • Politics has become a violent WAR The Retreat from Reconstruction • 1. Black Politics in the Reconstruction South • 2. White Supremacist Violence • 3. The North and the Turnfrom Reconstruction Liberal Republican Campaign (1872) • Sick of corruption of Grant administration • Seek “reunion” with white southerners and end of federal Reconstruction effort • Horace Greeley is presidential candidate • Grant wins, but Liberals suggest weariness with Reconstruction among many northern voters ShiWing Priorities among Northern Republicans • Party’s increasing identification with big business after 1872. • Industrialization, rise of large corporations, labor relations become increasingly central to Republican ideology; racial concerns become less significant • Panic of 1873 – national depression leads to focus on economic issues Other Causes • Northern white supremacy – James Pike’s The Prostrate State (1873). • Supreme Court decisions limit reach and effectiveness of 14th Amendment and Ku Klux Klan Enforcement Acts of 1871-1872 Note the racial caricatures in this 1874 cartoon published in New York Election of 1876 Compare with 1872 Disputed Election of 1876 • Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs. Samuel Tilden (D) • Results disputed in several states, including SC, LA, FL • Electoral Commission awards election to Hayes • Hayes recognizes Democratic claimants in SC, LA, and FL and returns federal troops to barracks • Ends federal oversight of southern politics and race relations Labor and Immigration in the Gilded Age • 1. Workers Unite: Unionism and Anti-Labor Violence • 2. The New Immigration and the New Nativism • 3. Farmers Revolt: Populism in the South and West The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 • After Panic of 1873, employers cut wages and increase workloads • Nationwide strikes start July 1877 • State militias break up picket lines and attack workers • Deadly violence in Pittsburgh Knights of Labor • Labor union led by Terrence Powderly • 730,000 members by 1886 • Broad organizing base – includes unskilled and semiskilled workers, women, and African Americans LABOR AND FREEDOM WORKERS • In age of massive, faceless corporations who can fire workers and force pay cuts at will, workers are not truly free. The corporations are the new “slave power.” • Collective bargaining allows workers to level the playing field and to restore their freedom EMPLOYERS • Capitalism demands freedom from both government interference and labor unions. • Unions violate freedom of contract between employers and individual workers Haymarket (1886) • Nationwide strike wave in support of 8 hour work day • At a protest rally in Haymarket Square, someone throws a bomb • Eight anarchists are tried and convict on flimsy evidence. Four are executed, become “Haymarket Martyrs” American Federal of Labor (AFL) • Hugely influential after decline of Knights of Labor • Led by Samuel Gompers • More conservative than Knights of Labor. Seek to improve lot of workers within capitalist system • Not open to unskilled labor, most immigrants, or women Labor conflict in the late 19th century • 1892 – Homestead, PA. Striking steel workers clash with Pinkerton Detectives • 1892 – Coeur D’Alene, ID. Striking miners battle with Idaho National Guard • 1894 – Pullman Strike. Railroad workers in George Pullman’s “company town” go on strike. President Cleveland sends troops Labor and Immigration in the Gilded Age • 1. Workers Unite: Unionism and Anti-Labor Violence • 2. The New Immigration and the New Nativism • 3. Farmers Revolt: Populism in the South and West New Immigrants • 22 million immigrants between 1860s and 190s – 12 million between 1890 and 1910 • Increasing immigration from southern and eastern Europe (Italians, Greeks, Poles, Slavs, Russian Jews). – Pre-Civil War immigration mostly from northern and western Europe (Ireland, Scotland, England, Scandinavia) New Nativism • Industrializing American requires a cheap labor source, so immigrants are necessary • On the other hand, new immigrants cause fear and discomfort. They seem different in terms of language, religion, and physical appearance • Patterns of nativism: during good economic times, immigrants are tolerated. Nativism spikes during economic downturns (“they take our jobs”) Nativism in the 1890s • Economic depression of 1893 leads to increased nativism • 1894 – Immigrant Restriction League – educated elite in Boston seeks to end immigration • Working class nativism also spikes in 1890s Labor and Immigration in the Gilded Age • 1. Workers Unite: Unionism and Anti-Labor Violence • 2. The New Immigration and the New Nativism • 3. Farmers Revolt: Populism in the South and West Farmer’s Alliance • Response to tenuous economic position of small farmers in South and West (debt peonage) • Systemic economic inequalities require collective response • 1 million members by 1890 Farmer’s Alliance Platform • Government oversight and rate controls of railroad • Limits on crop production (in order to ensure that demand – and therefore prices – remain high) • Form cooperative granaries, silos, etc. • Bimetallism – coinage of silver (along with gold) puts more money in circulation. Better for poor and people in debt • Subtreasury system – government controlled warehouses store crops and resell them at steady pace (keeping demand and prices high) People’s Party (Populists) • Political variant of the Farmer’s Alliance • Runs candidates in 1892, 1894, and 1896 • Elects several state officials in South and West ELECTION OF 1896 • William Jennings Bryan (Pop/Dem) vs. William McKinley (Rep) • Bryan is candidate of common people, farmers, South and West. Supports silver. “Cross of Gold” speech • McKinley is candidate of eastern moneyed establishment. Supporter of gold standard. • McKinley wins election Tampa During the Civil War The Expansion of Tampa • Hard times following the Civil War because of economic downturns. • The discovery of phosphate in 1883 established one of the first industries in the City. • Henry Plant and the railroad network allowed for ease of travel in the region. • Ybor City and the cigar factory helped to intensify economic and population. Tampa Bay Hotel Tampa Cigar Industry YBOR CITY: WEST TAMPA: • Founded in 1885 by Cuban immigrant and entrepreneur Vicente Martinez Ybor • Brought his cigar manufacturing to Tampa from Key West • Attracted immigrants from Cuba, Italy, and Spain • Founded in 1892 by Scottish immigrant and attorney Hugh Macfarlane • Helped to build a street car and bridge across the Hillsborough River • Mostly Cuban immigrants – followed by Spanish and Italian Immigrant Workforce Jose Marti and Tampa Activism Who$Were$the$Progressives?$ • 1.#The#Progressive#Impulse# • 2.$Varie2es$of$Progressivism$ • 3.$Progressivism$and$Social$Control$ • • • • The$Progressive$Movement$ Circa$1900A1917$ A$response$to$the$perceived$excesses$of$the$ Gilded$Age$–$rapid$industrializa2on,$the$power$of$ corpora2ons,$class$conflict,$westward$expansion,$ immigra2on$ Progressives$advocate$government$ interven2onism$–$government$must$step$in$to$ restore$order$and$protect$freedom$ Do$not$seek$to$radically$alter$exis2ng$structures$ of$capitalism$and$American$governance$ Sources$of$Progressivism$ • 1.$The$Populists$ • Control$monopolies,$limit$corpora2ons,$increase$ ci2zens’$role$in$government.$$ • Populism$is$largely$rural,$Progressivism$primarily$urban$ • 2.$Pragma2sm$ • Movement$in$philosophy$that$distrusts$dogma,$favors$ experimenta2on$and$prac2cal$experience$ • 3.$The$Social$Gospel$ • Movement$within$Chris2anity.$Chris2ans$must$work$for$ social$jus2ce,$par2cularly$among$the$poor$ • Walter$Rauschenbusch$is$key$Social$Gospel$theorist$ Sources$of$Progressivism$(cont.)$ • 4.$The$Muckrakers$ • Inves2ga2ve$journalists$write$exposes$on$government$ and$business$corrup2on.$ • Ida$Tarbell$on$Standard$Oil;$Lincoln$Steffens$on$urban$ poli2cal$bosses;$Ida$B.$Wells$on$lynching$in$the$South;$ Upton$Sinclair’s$novel$The$Jungle$about$meatpacking$in$ Chicago$ • 5.$Experts$and$efficiency$ • Use$of$trained$experts$holding$advanced$degrees$in$ fields$like$social$work$and$scien2fic$charity$ • Experts$armed$with$latest$in$scien2fic$knowledge$ should$work$to$maximize$efficiency$and$order$ A$New$Vision$of$Government$ • Progressives$believe$in$the$power$of$ government$(city,$state,$federal)$to$improve$ the$lives$of$its$ci2zens$ • Response$to$late$19th$century$embrace$of$ laissezAfaire$governance$(hands$off;$“let$it$ go”),$which$emphasizes$freedom$from$ government.$$ • Progressives$suggest$that$government$actually$ plays$an$important$role$in$preserving$society’s$ freedom$$ Gilded$Age$Presidents:$Great$Facial$ Hair,$Not$Much$Influence$ During$the$Progressive$Era$ • Governments$will…$ – Limit$the$influence$of$corpora2ons$ – Pass$safety$and$health$regula2ons$for$the$benefit$ of$ci2zens$ – Expand$public$schooling$ – Establish$maximum$hours$of$work$and$minimum$ safety$regula2ons$for$employees$ – Work$to$preserve$the$natural$environment$ – Keep$poisons$out$of$medicine$ – Regulate$the$quality$of$food$ Who$Were$the$Progressives?$ • 1.$The$Progressive$Impulse$ • 2.#Varie6es#of#Progressivism# • 3.$Progressivism$and$Social$Control$ “Good$Government$Progressives”$ • Seek$to$reform$city$and$state$governments$to$ limit$role$of$entrenched$poli2cal$machines$and$ moneyed$interests.$ • Call$for$government$that$is$efficiently$ organized$and$responsive$to$the$needs$of$its$ people$ $ • Commission$governments$$ • Direct$primary$elec2ons$ Robert$“Figh>ng$Bob”$La$FolleAe$ (Gov.$and$Sen.$of$Wisconsin)$ Leaders$of$Good$Government$ Progressivism$ Tom$L.$Johnson$(Mayor$of$ Cleveland)$ 17th$Amendment$ • Ra2fied$in$1913$ • Direct$elec2on$of$Senators$(prior$to$this,$state$ legislatures$had$selected$Senators).$$ • Democracy$–power$in$the$hands$of$the$people$ • Influenced$by$Good$Government$ Progressivism$ Seklement$House$Movement$ • • • • Jane$Addams$(lem)$opens$Hull$ House$in$Chicago$in$1889$ Seklement$Houses$located$in$ poor$immigrant$neighborhoods,$ offer$educa2onal,$childcare,$ and$employment$opportuni2es$ More$than$400$Seklement$ Houses$established$by$1910$ Women$dominate$Seklement$ House$movement$–$significant$ site$of$female$poli2cal$ac2vism$ Progressive$Era$Environmentalism$ • Believe$in$preserving$the$ wilderness,$protec2ng$ nature$from$human$ encroachment$ Conserva>onism$ • Leading$advocate:$Gilbert$ Pinchot,$head$of$federal$ Forestry$Division$under$ Roosevelt$ $ • Emphasize$efficient$use$of$ resources.$Reconcile$ maintenance$of$nature$with$ needs$of$business$and$society$ • Goal$is$to$eliminate$human$ impact$on$nature$altogether$ Preserva>onism$ • Leading$advocate:$John$ Muir,$founder$of$the$Sierra$ Club$ • Goal$is$to$regulate$human$use$ of$nature$ Who$Were$the$Progressives?$ • 1.$The$Progressive$Impulse$ • 2.$Varie2es$of$Progressivism$ • 3.#Progressivism#and#Social#Control# Progressivism$and$Social$Control$ • Fine$line$between$social$reform$and$social$ control$ • Social$control$–$regula2ng$certain$behaviors$in$ the$interest$of$morality,$health,$or$good$order$ • This$most$omen$takes$the$form$of$middleAclass$ reformers$akemp2ng$to$impose$their$own$ standards$of$morality$and$behavior$on$lower$ classes$ Prohibi2on$ • Supporters$seek$ban$on$ sale$and$consump2on$of$ alcohol$ • Temperance$movement$ exists$before$the$Civil$War$ • Frances$Willard$and$the$ Women’s$Chris2an$ Temperance$Union$ (WCTU)$$ • An2ASaloon$League$ • Carrie$Na2on$ • • • • Prohibi2on$(cont).$ Ban$on$alcohol$believed$to$ cure$variety$of$related$ societal$ills$(spousal/child$ abuse,$poverty,$divorce)$ Clear$na2vist$2nge,$as$ immigrants$are$thought$to$ drink$more$ 1906A1917$–$21$state$ban$ alcohol$ 1919$–$Ra2fica2on$of$18th$ Amendment$makes$ prohibi2on$na2onal$ Eugenics$ • • • • The$science$of$human$ heredity$and$“beker$ breeding”$$ Improve$human$popula2on$ by$encouraging$desirable$ races$to$reproduce$(and$ discouraging$undesirable$ races)$ Ins2tu2onalize$or$sterilize$the$ “unfit”$or$mentally$impaired$ Eugenicists$are$following$ dictates$of$modern$science$ (as$they$understand$it)$and$ Progressive$impulse$towards$ efficiency$and$organiza2on$ Health$reform$and$social$control$ • Visi2ng$nurses$monitor$poor$ homes$and$offer$instruc2on$ in$health$and$sanita2on$ – ChildArearing,$nutri2on,$ cleanliness$ • Nurse$reports$can$influence$ eligibility$for$charity$ • Rural$South$hookworm$ eradica2on$campaign$ involves$invasive$visits$by$ health$officials$ The$Poli)cs$of$the$Progressive$Era$ • 1.#Alterna+ves#to#Progressivism# • 2.$The$Progressive$Presidents$ • 3.$Feminism$and$Women’s$Suffrage$ American$Federa)on$of$Labor$ • S)ll$largest$union$in$U.S.$ – 1.6$million$members$by$1904$ • Forges$)es$with$forwardJ looking$corporate$leaders$ who$see$an$acceptance$of$ collec)ve$bargaining$as$key$ to$avoid$labor$strife$of$the$ Gilded$Age$ • Gompers$(right,$AFL$head)$ key$in$forma)on$of$Na)onal$ Civic$Federa)on,$seeks$to$ mediate$between$labor$and$ capital$ The$Industrial$Workers$of$the$World$(IWW)$ • • • • • Founded$in$1905$ Known$as$“the$Wobblies”$ Radical$alterna)ve$to$AFL.$ Organizes$unskilled$labor,$ women,$immigrants,$African$ Americans$ Desires$worker$control$of$ produc)on$and$overthrow$of$ capitalism$ William$“Big$Bill”$Haywood$is$ leader.$“The$Most$Dangerous$ Man$in$America.”$ • • • • Progressive$Era$Labor$Ac)vism$ 1907$–$New$Orleans.$Black$ and$white$dockworkers$ strike$ 1909$–$New$York.$“The$ Uprising$of$the$20,000.”$ Female$garment$workers.$ 1912$–$Lawrence,$MA.$ Tex)le$workers$strike.$ 1914$–$Ludlow,$CO.$Mine$ strike.$20J30$strikers$killed$ in$Ludlow$Massacre$(right)$ • “We$want$bread$and$roses,$ too.”$ The$Socialist$Party$ • By$1912:$150,000$members;$100s$ of$newspapers;$party$elects$many$ local$officials$(including$Wisc.$Rep.$ Victor$Berger)$ • Plagorm$includes$free$college$ educa)on,$protec)ve$legisla)on$ for$labor,$public$ownership$of$ railroads$and$factories$ • Eugene$V.$Debs$(leh)$wins$6%$of$ popular$vote$in$1912$presiden)al$ elec)on$as$Socialist$candidate$ $ The$Poli)cs$of$the$Progressive$Era$ • 1.$Alterna)ves$to$Progressivism$ • 2.#The#Progressive#Presidents# • 3.$Feminism$and$Women’s$Suffrage$ • • • • • Theodore$Roosevelt$ President$1901J1909$ Republican$ (Becomes$President$aher$ McKinley’s$assassina)on.$ ReJelected$in$1904)$ “Square$Deal”$–$economic$ stability$and$opportunity$ Hates$extremism.$Seeks$ modera)on,$order,$ efficiency.$Reform$is$ preferable$to$revolu)on.$ Teddy$the$“Trust$Buster”$ • • • • “The$Trusts”$pose$threat$to$ stability$and$order$ “Good$trusts”$and$“bad$trusts”$ 1902$–$Jus)ce$Department$sues$ Northern$Securi)es$(Railroad$ trust$controlled$by$J.P.$ Morgan).$Supreme$Court$ orders$trust$broken$in$1904$ Roosevelt$ins)tutes$25$ an)trust$suits,$including$against$ Rockefeller’s$Standard$Oil$ Roosevelt$as$a$Progressive$ • Increased$government$ control$over$railroads$ • Environmentalism$–$ expands$na)onal$parks$ (preserva)onist);$ approves$dams,$reservoirs$ canals$(conserva)onist)$ • 1906$–$Pure$Food$and$ Drugs$Acts$ $ Roosevelt$and$Race$ • 1903$–$White$House$dinner$ with$Booker$T.$Washington,$ leading$African$American$ educator$(right).$Roosevelt$is$ strongly$cri)cized$and$ retreats$from$support$for$ black$rights$ • Supports$“Lily$White”$ Republican$Party$in$the$South$ • 1906$–$Orders$Court$Mar)al$ of$167$black$soldiers$aher$ Brownsville,$TX$shoo)ng$ • • • • William$Howard$Tah$ President$1909J1913$ (elected$1908)$ Republican.$Roosevelt’s$ heir$apparent.$ Ini)ates$more$an)trust$ suits$than$Roosevelt$ Generally$weak$and$ ineffec)ve$ • • • • Elec)on$of$1912$ Tah$$(Republican),$running$ for$reJelec)on$ Roosevelt$(former$ Republican,$candidate$of$ Progressive$Party)$ Eugene$V.$Debs$(Socialist)$ Woodrow$Wilson$ (Democrat)$ • Wilson$wins,$largely$ because$Tah$and$Roosevelt$ cancel$each$other$out.$$ Woodrow$Wilson$ • Governor$of$New$Jersey$ • Similar$views$to$ Roosevelt’s$Progressivism$ • Wilson’s$“New$Freedom”$ – Society$of$small$businesses$ – Government$ensures$open$ compe))on$and$individual$ freedom$ – “The$Trusts”$pose$a$major$ threat$to$this$compe))on$ and$freedom$ Wilson$as$a$Progressive$ • Graduated$income$tax$(moderates$ income$inequality)$ – 16th$Amendment,$ra)fied$in$1913,$ provides$legal$basis$for$tax$ • 1913$–$Federal$Reserve$System$ (regulates$banking)$ • 1914$–$Federal$Trade$Commission$ (oversees$business$prac)ces)$ • 1916$–$Introduces$8$hour$day$in$ certain$businesses,$outlaws$child$ labor,$workmen’s$compensa)on$ for$federal$employees$ Wilson$and$Race$ • White$southerner$ • ReJsegregates$federal$ offices$(had$been$ desegregated$since$ Reconstruc)on,$30+$ years$earlier)$ • Shows$white$ supremacist$film$The$ Birth$of$a$Na-on$in$the$ White$House$(right)$ • • • • • • • Roosevelt$and$Wilson:$The$Progressive$ Presidents$ Challenged$the$trusts$ Expanded$na)onal$park$system$ Regulated$food$safety$ Shortened$hours$and$improved$benefits$for$(some)$workers$ Strengthened$an)trust$regula)ons$ Introduced$graduated$income$tax$ Established$Federal$Trade$Commission$and$Federal$Reserve$ System$ • Expanded$the$power$of$the$presidency$and$increased$the$ involvement$of$the$federal$government$in$the$lives$of$ci)zens$ The$Poli)cs$of$the$Progressive$Era$ • 1.$Alterna)ves$to$Progressivism$ • 2.$The$Progressive$Presidents$ • 3.#Feminism#and#Women’s#Suffrage# • • • • Birth$of$“Feminism”$ Around$1910$ Earlier$ac)vists$emphasize$aqributes$ tradi)onally$gendered$“female”$(i.e.$duty$and$ moral$purity)$ Progressive$Era$ac)vists$emphasize$equal$ rights,$selfJdevelopment,$sexual$and$economic$ independence$ Women$are$the$equals$of$men,$and$deserve$ the$same$access$and$opportuni)es$ Gilded$Age$Women’s$Rights$Ac)vists$ • Charloqe$Perkins$ Gilman$–$women$need$ economic$ independence$ • “Mother$Jones”$–$labor$ organizer$ • Emma$Goldman$(right)$ –$anarchist,$cri)c$of$ tradi)onal$marriage,$ supporter$of$sexual$ equality$ • • • • Margaret$Sanger$ Trained$nurse$ Coined$the$term$“birth$ control”$in$1915$ Women$have$a$right$to$ sexual$pleasure,$and$the$ right$to$determine$when$ to$have$a$child$ Fights$laws$that$make$it$a$ crime$to$sell$birth$control$ or$provide$informa)on$ Women’s$Suffrage$ Alice$Paul$ • • • • Feminist$and$Suffragist$ Rejects$arguments$ stressing$female$ domes)city.$Women$ deserve$the$right$to$vote$ based$on$their$equality$as$ ci)zens$ Founds$Na)onal$ Women’s$Party$ Protests$at$White$House$ lead$to$arrest$ Suffrage$and$the$South$ • Many$supporters$of$ women’s$suffrage,$ including$Rebecca$La)mer$ Felton$(right),$cast$ suffrage$as$defense$of$ white$supremacy$ • Many$southern$women$ oppose$suffrage.$Defend$ women’s$tradi)onal$roles,$ even$as$they$are$ac)ve$in$ public$sphere$ 19th$Amendment$ • Passes$Congress$in$1919,$ ra)fied$by$states$in$1920$ • “The$right$of$ci)zens$of$ the$United$States$to$vote$ shall$not$be$denied$or$ abridged$by$the$United$ States$or$by$any$State$on$ account$of$sex.”$ $
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Running head: AMERICAN HISTORY

American History
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AMERICAN HISTORY

2

Question 2
Jim Crow laws were enforced to disempower the African Americans and further
segregate them despite freeing the slaves. They came during the reconstruction era which sought
to reconciliation, emancipation while still emphasizing on white supremacy. They determined
when, where and how the freed slaves could work as well as their compensation for the work
done which was usually below minimum wages after long working hours and harsh working
conditions. This made it impossible for the African Americans to be seen as equals to the white
man seeing that there were so many barriers put to maintain the status quo. The notion behind the
Jim Crow principles was to have ‘separate but equal’ facilities. This, therefore, led to separate
infrastructure systems for the white from the people of color such that, African Americans would
not be allowed to be in the same restaurant, school or even bus as the whites. If anyone acted
contrary to the law then they would find themselves jailed for breaking the law.
And while African Americans could vote and hold political off...


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