Emancipa(on and the Making of
Reconstruc(on
• 1. Reconstruc-on on the Ground
• 2. Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruc(on
• 3. The Rise of Radical Reconstruc(on
Emancipa(on
• 4 million African American slaves win their
freedom
• January 1, 1863 – Emancipa(on Proclama(on
grants freedom to slaves in areas currently
under Confederate control
• January 1865 – 13th Amendment, outlawing
slavery and involuntary servitude, passes
Congress. It is ra(fied by the states late in the
year.
Former slaves on the move, 1865
Freedpeople’s school, Vicksburg, MS 1866
Freedmen’s Bureau
• Full name: Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen,
and Abandoned Lands
• Exists 1865-‐1872
• Established by federal government
• Charged with assis(ng former slaves in their
transi(on to freedom.
Emancipa(on and the Making of
Reconstruc(on
• 1. Reconstruc(on on the ground
• 2. Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruc-on
• 3. The Rise of Radical Reconstruc(on
Andrew Johnson
“May Proclama(ons”
• May 1865
• Johnson lays out his Reconstruc(on policy
• Proclama(on of Amnesty and Reconstruc(on
pardons all Confederates, with some excep(ons
(Confederate leaders and rich landowners)
• A second proclama(on states that southern
states will rejoin Union a]er rewri(ng their state
cons(tu(ons to ban slavery. Elec(ons are only
open to white men.
Radical Republicans
• Senators and Representa(ves
• Call for deeper change in southern poli(cs,
society, and economics
• Believe that the na(on has a moral obliga(on
to ensure black equality in the postwar na(on
• Oppose Johnson’s Reconstruc(on policies,
which they find too lenient towards white
South
Black Codes
• Passed in every former Confederate state in late 1865
• Provide some rights to former slaves (marriage), but
severely limit black mobility and opportunity
• Ban public mee(ngs and limit freedom of speech
• Force freedpeople to sign yearly contracts to work for
whites – those who do not will have labor sold to the
highest bidder
• No guns for freedpeople
• ** Abempt to re-‐create basic labor arrangements of
slavery in an age of freedom **
Emancipa(on and the Making of
Reconstruc(on
• 1. Reconstruc(on on the ground
• 2. Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruc(on
• 3. The Rise of Radical Reconstruc-on
Radical Republican leaders
Massachusebs Senator Charles Sumner
Pennsylvania Rep. Thaddeus Stevens
1866 Civil Rights Bill
• Passes Congress March 1866. Johnson vetoes,
Congress overrides veto with 2/3 majority of
both House
• Defines all persons born in the United States –
with the excep(on of Indians – as U.S. ci(zens.
• Lists the rights guarantee by U.S. ci(zenship,
including the right to make contracts, hold
property, sue and tes(fy in court, and enjoy “full
and equal benefit” of all state and federal laws.
Memphis Riot, May 1866
Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S.
Cons(tu(on
• Passes Congress June 1866
• Incorporates expanded defini(ons of ci(zenship
and ci(zenship rights into the Cons(tu(on
• Says nothing about poli(cal rights (i.e. vo(ng)
• Southern states refuse to ra(fy, pushes Congress
towards African American vo(ng rights
• Final ra(fica(on July 1868
Why black suffrage?
• Black lives remain insecure in South in 1867
• Southern states refuse to respect African
American Civil Rights and refuse to ra(fy 14th
Amendment
• Armed with the vote, southern freedpeople
will be able to protect themselves by elec(ng
candidates who will respect and protect their
civil rights
Reconstruc(on Act of 1867
• Legalizes black suffrage across the South
• Makes white supremacist Johnson
governments provisional, charges military
with keeping order
• To regain their seats in Congress, southern
states must rewrite Cons(tu(ons (again!), this
(me guaranteeing black suffrage
“The First Vote” (1867)
Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
(1867)
Andrew Johnson Impeachment
• Technically, charges stem from improper
dismissal of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton.
Real purpose is to protect the Reconstruc(on
effort from Johnson.
• House presents its case to the Senate. 2/3 of
Senate must vote “guilty” to remove Johnson
from office.
• 36 votes needed to remove; 35 senators vote
guilty. Impeachment abempt fails.
The Retreat from Reconstruction
• 1. Black Politics in the Reconstruction South
• 2. White Supremacist Violence
• 3. The North and the Turn
from Reconstruction
15th Amendment
• Passes Congress 1869, ratified by states 1870
• Last of the so-called Reconstruction
Amendments
• Section 1 reads: “The right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by any state
on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude."
Women’s Rights Activists and
Reconstruction
• 15th Amendment extends
suffrage to black men, but
not white or black women
• Feminists activists such
as Susan B. Anthony
(right) and Elizabeth
Cady Stanton (left) break
with former allies over
voting rights
• Anthony and Stanton call
for truly universal
suffrage (including
women)
“Electioneering at the South” (1868)
Ulysses S. Grant
• Former Union General
• Elected President of the
U.S. in 1868
• Republican
• First election in which
African Americans could
vote. Grant owes margin
of victory to black
southern vote
Republican Allies
• “Scalawags” – southern
white Republicans; largely
from poor regions of the
South
• “Carpetbaggers” – northern
transplants. Mostly former
Union soldiers
• Both terms are coined by
Democrats and intended to be
insults (see stereotypical
“carpetbagger” to the right)
Accomplishments of Southern Republican
Party during Reconstruction
• Black officeholders: 600 in state legislatures; 2
in U.S. Senate; 16 in U.S. House of
Representatives
• Establish public school systems
• Upgrade hospitals and poor relief
• Support railroad construction/transportation
• Civil Rights legislation
• Liberalize marriage laws (women retain
control over property) and criminal justice
system
• “Brought the South into the 19th Century”
Sharecropping
• Starts during
Reconstruction
compromise between
poor farmers (black
and white) and
landowners
• Farmers agree to
provide portion of
crop to landowner at
year’s end
• Easily abused – loans
and debt imprison
sharecroppers on their
land. “Debt peonage”
Barrow plantation in Louisiana,
1860 and 1881. Each black dot on
right represents a sharecropping
family.
Sharecropping
Barrow
plantation in
Louisiana,
1860 and
1881. Each
black dot on
right
represents a
sharecropping
family.
The Retreat from Reconstruction
• 1. Black Politics in the Reconstruction
South
• 2. White Supremacist Violence
• 3. The North and the Turn
from Reconstruction
Redemption
• Campaign of political violence that
overthrows Reconstruction across the South
• Religious overtones – Redeemers consider this
a crusade to save white supremacy and the
South
• When a state has been restored to Democratic
control (Democratic governor and legislature) it
is said to be “redeemed”
• Occurs quickly in some states (Virginia),
but stretches into the midi1870s in others
Ku Klux Klan
• White supremacist terrorist
organization, active 18681872
• Political intentions – military
arm of the Democratic
party
• Night visits to homes of
black and white
Republicans
• Threats, beating, rape,
murder
• Federal enforcement
legislation 1871-1872
ends Klan’s reign of terror
Redemption and the KKK
• “White League” and “Red Shirts”
commit acts of violence
in
support of white supremacy and
the Democratic party
• Daytime violence, no costumes
•
•
•
•
1874 Colfax massacre
1874 New Orleans coup
1875 Mississippi Redemption
1876 “Mississippi Plan” used in
South Carolina
• Politics has become a violent WAR
The Retreat from Reconstruction
• 1. Black Politics in the Reconstruction South
• 2. White Supremacist Violence
• 3. The North and the Turnfrom
Reconstruction
Liberal Republican Campaign (1872)
• Sick of corruption of
Grant administration
• Seek “reunion” with
white southerners and
end of federal
Reconstruction effort
• Horace Greeley is
presidential candidate
• Grant wins, but Liberals
suggest weariness with
Reconstruction among
many northern voters
ShiWing Priorities among
Northern Republicans
• Party’s increasing identification with
big business after 1872.
• Industrialization, rise of large
corporations, labor relations become
increasingly central to Republican
ideology; racial concerns become less
significant
• Panic of 1873 – national depression
leads to focus on economic issues
Other Causes
• Northern white
supremacy – James
Pike’s The Prostrate
State (1873).
• Supreme Court
decisions limit reach
and effectiveness of
14th Amendment and
Ku Klux Klan
Enforcement Acts of
1871-1872
Note the racial caricatures in this
1874 cartoon published in New York
Election of 1876
Compare with 1872
Disputed Election of 1876
• Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs. Samuel Tilden
(D)
• Results disputed in several states, including
SC, LA, FL
• Electoral Commission awards election to Hayes
• Hayes recognizes Democratic claimants in SC,
LA, and FL and returns federal troops to
barracks
• Ends federal oversight of southern politics and
race relations
Labor and Immigration in the Gilded Age
• 1. Workers Unite: Unionism and Anti-Labor
Violence
• 2. The New Immigration and the New Nativism
• 3. Farmers Revolt: Populism in the South and
West
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
• After Panic of 1873,
employers cut wages
and increase workloads
• Nationwide strikes start
July 1877
• State militias break up
picket lines and attack
workers
• Deadly violence in
Pittsburgh
Knights of Labor
• Labor union led by
Terrence Powderly
• 730,000 members by
1886
• Broad organizing base –
includes unskilled and
semiskilled workers,
women, and African
Americans
LABOR AND FREEDOM
WORKERS
• In age of massive, faceless
corporations who can fire
workers and force pay cuts
at will, workers are not truly
free. The corporations are
the new “slave power.”
• Collective bargaining allows
workers to level the playing
field and to restore their
freedom
EMPLOYERS
• Capitalism demands
freedom from both
government interference
and labor unions.
• Unions violate freedom of
contract between
employers and individual
workers
Haymarket (1886)
• Nationwide strike wave in
support of 8 hour work
day
• At a protest rally in
Haymarket Square,
someone throws a bomb
• Eight anarchists are tried
and convict on flimsy
evidence. Four are
executed, become
“Haymarket Martyrs”
American Federal of Labor (AFL)
• Hugely influential after
decline of Knights of
Labor
• Led by Samuel Gompers
• More conservative than
Knights of Labor. Seek to
improve lot of workers
within capitalist system
• Not open to unskilled
labor, most immigrants, or
women
Labor conflict in the late 19th century
• 1892 – Homestead, PA.
Striking steel workers clash
with Pinkerton Detectives
• 1892 – Coeur D’Alene, ID.
Striking miners battle with
Idaho National Guard
• 1894 – Pullman Strike.
Railroad workers in George
Pullman’s “company town”
go on strike. President
Cleveland sends troops
Labor and Immigration in the Gilded Age
• 1. Workers Unite: Unionism and Anti-Labor
Violence
• 2. The New Immigration and the New Nativism
• 3. Farmers Revolt: Populism in the South and
West
New Immigrants
• 22 million immigrants
between 1860s and 190s
– 12 million between 1890
and 1910
• Increasing immigration
from southern and
eastern Europe (Italians,
Greeks, Poles, Slavs,
Russian Jews).
– Pre-Civil War immigration
mostly from northern and
western Europe (Ireland,
Scotland, England,
Scandinavia)
New Nativism
• Industrializing American requires a cheap
labor source, so immigrants are necessary
• On the other hand, new immigrants cause fear
and discomfort. They seem different in terms
of language, religion, and physical appearance
• Patterns of nativism: during good economic
times, immigrants are tolerated. Nativism
spikes during economic downturns (“they take
our jobs”)
Nativism in the 1890s
• Economic depression of
1893 leads to increased
nativism
• 1894 – Immigrant
Restriction League –
educated elite in Boston
seeks to end
immigration
• Working class nativism
also spikes in 1890s
Labor and Immigration in the Gilded Age
• 1. Workers Unite: Unionism and Anti-Labor
Violence
• 2. The New Immigration and the New Nativism
• 3. Farmers Revolt: Populism in the South and
West
Farmer’s Alliance
• Response to tenuous
economic position of
small farmers in South
and West (debt
peonage)
• Systemic economic
inequalities require
collective response
• 1 million members by
1890
Farmer’s Alliance Platform
• Government oversight and rate controls of
railroad
• Limits on crop production (in order to ensure that
demand – and therefore prices – remain high)
• Form cooperative granaries, silos, etc.
• Bimetallism – coinage of silver (along with gold)
puts more money in circulation. Better for poor
and people in debt
• Subtreasury system – government controlled
warehouses store crops and resell them at steady
pace (keeping demand and prices high)
People’s Party (Populists)
• Political variant of the
Farmer’s Alliance
• Runs candidates in
1892, 1894, and 1896
• Elects several state
officials in South and
West
ELECTION OF 1896
• William Jennings Bryan
(Pop/Dem) vs. William
McKinley (Rep)
• Bryan is candidate of
common people, farmers,
South and West. Supports
silver. “Cross of Gold”
speech
• McKinley is candidate of
eastern moneyed
establishment. Supporter of
gold standard.
• McKinley wins election
Tampa During the Civil War
The Expansion of Tampa
• Hard times following the Civil War because of
economic downturns.
• The discovery of phosphate in 1883 established
one of the first industries in the City.
• Henry Plant and the railroad network allowed for
ease of travel in the region.
• Ybor City and the cigar factory helped to intensify
economic and population.
Tampa Bay Hotel
Tampa Cigar Industry
YBOR CITY:
WEST TAMPA:
• Founded in 1885 by
Cuban immigrant and
entrepreneur Vicente
Martinez Ybor
• Brought his cigar
manufacturing to Tampa
from Key West
• Attracted immigrants
from Cuba, Italy, and
Spain
• Founded in 1892 by
Scottish immigrant and
attorney Hugh
Macfarlane
• Helped to build a street
car and bridge across
the Hillsborough River
• Mostly Cuban
immigrants – followed
by Spanish and Italian
Immigrant Workforce
Jose Marti and Tampa Activism
Who$Were$the$Progressives?$
• 1.#The#Progressive#Impulse#
• 2.$Varie2es$of$Progressivism$
• 3.$Progressivism$and$Social$Control$
•
•
•
•
The$Progressive$Movement$
Circa$1900A1917$
A$response$to$the$perceived$excesses$of$the$
Gilded$Age$–$rapid$industrializa2on,$the$power$of$
corpora2ons,$class$conflict,$westward$expansion,$
immigra2on$
Progressives$advocate$government$
interven2onism$–$government$must$step$in$to$
restore$order$and$protect$freedom$
Do$not$seek$to$radically$alter$exis2ng$structures$
of$capitalism$and$American$governance$
Sources$of$Progressivism$
• 1.$The$Populists$
• Control$monopolies,$limit$corpora2ons,$increase$
ci2zens’$role$in$government.$$
• Populism$is$largely$rural,$Progressivism$primarily$urban$
• 2.$Pragma2sm$
• Movement$in$philosophy$that$distrusts$dogma,$favors$
experimenta2on$and$prac2cal$experience$
• 3.$The$Social$Gospel$
• Movement$within$Chris2anity.$Chris2ans$must$work$for$
social$jus2ce,$par2cularly$among$the$poor$
• Walter$Rauschenbusch$is$key$Social$Gospel$theorist$
Sources$of$Progressivism$(cont.)$
• 4.$The$Muckrakers$
• Inves2ga2ve$journalists$write$exposes$on$government$
and$business$corrup2on.$
• Ida$Tarbell$on$Standard$Oil;$Lincoln$Steffens$on$urban$
poli2cal$bosses;$Ida$B.$Wells$on$lynching$in$the$South;$
Upton$Sinclair’s$novel$The$Jungle$about$meatpacking$in$
Chicago$
• 5.$Experts$and$efficiency$
• Use$of$trained$experts$holding$advanced$degrees$in$
fields$like$social$work$and$scien2fic$charity$
• Experts$armed$with$latest$in$scien2fic$knowledge$
should$work$to$maximize$efficiency$and$order$
A$New$Vision$of$Government$
• Progressives$believe$in$the$power$of$
government$(city,$state,$federal)$to$improve$
the$lives$of$its$ci2zens$
• Response$to$late$19th$century$embrace$of$
laissezAfaire$governance$(hands$off;$“let$it$
go”),$which$emphasizes$freedom$from$
government.$$
• Progressives$suggest$that$government$actually$
plays$an$important$role$in$preserving$society’s$
freedom$$
Gilded$Age$Presidents:$Great$Facial$
Hair,$Not$Much$Influence$
During$the$Progressive$Era$
• Governments$will…$
– Limit$the$influence$of$corpora2ons$
– Pass$safety$and$health$regula2ons$for$the$benefit$
of$ci2zens$
– Expand$public$schooling$
– Establish$maximum$hours$of$work$and$minimum$
safety$regula2ons$for$employees$
– Work$to$preserve$the$natural$environment$
– Keep$poisons$out$of$medicine$
– Regulate$the$quality$of$food$
Who$Were$the$Progressives?$
• 1.$The$Progressive$Impulse$
• 2.#Varie6es#of#Progressivism#
• 3.$Progressivism$and$Social$Control$
“Good$Government$Progressives”$
• Seek$to$reform$city$and$state$governments$to$
limit$role$of$entrenched$poli2cal$machines$and$
moneyed$interests.$
• Call$for$government$that$is$efficiently$
organized$and$responsive$to$the$needs$of$its$
people$
$
• Commission$governments$$
• Direct$primary$elec2ons$
Robert$“Figh>ng$Bob”$La$FolleAe$
(Gov.$and$Sen.$of$Wisconsin)$
Leaders$of$Good$Government$
Progressivism$
Tom$L.$Johnson$(Mayor$of$
Cleveland)$
17th$Amendment$
• Ra2fied$in$1913$
• Direct$elec2on$of$Senators$(prior$to$this,$state$
legislatures$had$selected$Senators).$$
• Democracy$–power$in$the$hands$of$the$people$
• Influenced$by$Good$Government$
Progressivism$
Seklement$House$Movement$
•
•
•
•
Jane$Addams$(lem)$opens$Hull$
House$in$Chicago$in$1889$
Seklement$Houses$located$in$
poor$immigrant$neighborhoods,$
offer$educa2onal,$childcare,$
and$employment$opportuni2es$
More$than$400$Seklement$
Houses$established$by$1910$
Women$dominate$Seklement$
House$movement$–$significant$
site$of$female$poli2cal$ac2vism$
Progressive$Era$Environmentalism$
• Believe$in$preserving$the$
wilderness,$protec2ng$
nature$from$human$
encroachment$
Conserva>onism$
• Leading$advocate:$Gilbert$
Pinchot,$head$of$federal$
Forestry$Division$under$
Roosevelt$
$
• Emphasize$efficient$use$of$
resources.$Reconcile$
maintenance$of$nature$with$
needs$of$business$and$society$
• Goal$is$to$eliminate$human$
impact$on$nature$altogether$
Preserva>onism$
• Leading$advocate:$John$
Muir,$founder$of$the$Sierra$
Club$
• Goal$is$to$regulate$human$use$
of$nature$
Who$Were$the$Progressives?$
• 1.$The$Progressive$Impulse$
• 2.$Varie2es$of$Progressivism$
• 3.#Progressivism#and#Social#Control#
Progressivism$and$Social$Control$
• Fine$line$between$social$reform$and$social$
control$
• Social$control$–$regula2ng$certain$behaviors$in$
the$interest$of$morality,$health,$or$good$order$
• This$most$omen$takes$the$form$of$middleAclass$
reformers$akemp2ng$to$impose$their$own$
standards$of$morality$and$behavior$on$lower$
classes$
Prohibi2on$
• Supporters$seek$ban$on$
sale$and$consump2on$of$
alcohol$
• Temperance$movement$
exists$before$the$Civil$War$
• Frances$Willard$and$the$
Women’s$Chris2an$
Temperance$Union$
(WCTU)$$
• An2ASaloon$League$
• Carrie$Na2on$
•
•
•
•
Prohibi2on$(cont).$
Ban$on$alcohol$believed$to$
cure$variety$of$related$
societal$ills$(spousal/child$
abuse,$poverty,$divorce)$
Clear$na2vist$2nge,$as$
immigrants$are$thought$to$
drink$more$
1906A1917$–$21$state$ban$
alcohol$
1919$–$Ra2fica2on$of$18th$
Amendment$makes$
prohibi2on$na2onal$
Eugenics$
•
•
•
•
The$science$of$human$
heredity$and$“beker$
breeding”$$
Improve$human$popula2on$
by$encouraging$desirable$
races$to$reproduce$(and$
discouraging$undesirable$
races)$
Ins2tu2onalize$or$sterilize$the$
“unfit”$or$mentally$impaired$
Eugenicists$are$following$
dictates$of$modern$science$
(as$they$understand$it)$and$
Progressive$impulse$towards$
efficiency$and$organiza2on$
Health$reform$and$social$control$
• Visi2ng$nurses$monitor$poor$
homes$and$offer$instruc2on$
in$health$and$sanita2on$
– ChildArearing,$nutri2on,$
cleanliness$
• Nurse$reports$can$influence$
eligibility$for$charity$
• Rural$South$hookworm$
eradica2on$campaign$
involves$invasive$visits$by$
health$officials$
The$Poli)cs$of$the$Progressive$Era$
• 1.#Alterna+ves#to#Progressivism#
• 2.$The$Progressive$Presidents$
• 3.$Feminism$and$Women’s$Suffrage$
American$Federa)on$of$Labor$
• S)ll$largest$union$in$U.S.$
– 1.6$million$members$by$1904$
• Forges$)es$with$forwardJ
looking$corporate$leaders$
who$see$an$acceptance$of$
collec)ve$bargaining$as$key$
to$avoid$labor$strife$of$the$
Gilded$Age$
• Gompers$(right,$AFL$head)$
key$in$forma)on$of$Na)onal$
Civic$Federa)on,$seeks$to$
mediate$between$labor$and$
capital$
The$Industrial$Workers$of$the$World$(IWW)$
•
•
•
•
•
Founded$in$1905$
Known$as$“the$Wobblies”$
Radical$alterna)ve$to$AFL.$
Organizes$unskilled$labor,$
women,$immigrants,$African$
Americans$
Desires$worker$control$of$
produc)on$and$overthrow$of$
capitalism$
William$“Big$Bill”$Haywood$is$
leader.$“The$Most$Dangerous$
Man$in$America.”$
•
•
•
•
Progressive$Era$Labor$Ac)vism$
1907$–$New$Orleans.$Black$
and$white$dockworkers$
strike$
1909$–$New$York.$“The$
Uprising$of$the$20,000.”$
Female$garment$workers.$
1912$–$Lawrence,$MA.$
Tex)le$workers$strike.$
1914$–$Ludlow,$CO.$Mine$
strike.$20J30$strikers$killed$
in$Ludlow$Massacre$(right)$
• “We$want$bread$and$roses,$
too.”$
The$Socialist$Party$
• By$1912:$150,000$members;$100s$
of$newspapers;$party$elects$many$
local$officials$(including$Wisc.$Rep.$
Victor$Berger)$
• Plagorm$includes$free$college$
educa)on,$protec)ve$legisla)on$
for$labor,$public$ownership$of$
railroads$and$factories$
• Eugene$V.$Debs$(leh)$wins$6%$of$
popular$vote$in$1912$presiden)al$
elec)on$as$Socialist$candidate$
$
The$Poli)cs$of$the$Progressive$Era$
• 1.$Alterna)ves$to$Progressivism$
• 2.#The#Progressive#Presidents#
• 3.$Feminism$and$Women’s$Suffrage$
•
•
•
•
•
Theodore$Roosevelt$
President$1901J1909$
Republican$
(Becomes$President$aher$
McKinley’s$assassina)on.$
ReJelected$in$1904)$
“Square$Deal”$–$economic$
stability$and$opportunity$
Hates$extremism.$Seeks$
modera)on,$order,$
efficiency.$Reform$is$
preferable$to$revolu)on.$
Teddy$the$“Trust$Buster”$
•
•
•
•
“The$Trusts”$pose$threat$to$
stability$and$order$
“Good$trusts”$and$“bad$trusts”$
1902$–$Jus)ce$Department$sues$
Northern$Securi)es$(Railroad$
trust$controlled$by$J.P.$
Morgan).$Supreme$Court$
orders$trust$broken$in$1904$
Roosevelt$ins)tutes$25$
an)trust$suits,$including$against$
Rockefeller’s$Standard$Oil$
Roosevelt$as$a$Progressive$
• Increased$government$
control$over$railroads$
• Environmentalism$–$
expands$na)onal$parks$
(preserva)onist);$
approves$dams,$reservoirs$
canals$(conserva)onist)$
• 1906$–$Pure$Food$and$
Drugs$Acts$
$
Roosevelt$and$Race$
• 1903$–$White$House$dinner$
with$Booker$T.$Washington,$
leading$African$American$
educator$(right).$Roosevelt$is$
strongly$cri)cized$and$
retreats$from$support$for$
black$rights$
• Supports$“Lily$White”$
Republican$Party$in$the$South$
• 1906$–$Orders$Court$Mar)al$
of$167$black$soldiers$aher$
Brownsville,$TX$shoo)ng$
•
•
•
•
William$Howard$Tah$
President$1909J1913$
(elected$1908)$
Republican.$Roosevelt’s$
heir$apparent.$
Ini)ates$more$an)trust$
suits$than$Roosevelt$
Generally$weak$and$
ineffec)ve$
•
•
•
•
Elec)on$of$1912$
Tah$$(Republican),$running$
for$reJelec)on$
Roosevelt$(former$
Republican,$candidate$of$
Progressive$Party)$
Eugene$V.$Debs$(Socialist)$
Woodrow$Wilson$
(Democrat)$
• Wilson$wins,$largely$
because$Tah$and$Roosevelt$
cancel$each$other$out.$$
Woodrow$Wilson$
• Governor$of$New$Jersey$
• Similar$views$to$
Roosevelt’s$Progressivism$
• Wilson’s$“New$Freedom”$
– Society$of$small$businesses$
– Government$ensures$open$
compe))on$and$individual$
freedom$
– “The$Trusts”$pose$a$major$
threat$to$this$compe))on$
and$freedom$
Wilson$as$a$Progressive$
• Graduated$income$tax$(moderates$
income$inequality)$
– 16th$Amendment,$ra)fied$in$1913,$
provides$legal$basis$for$tax$
• 1913$–$Federal$Reserve$System$
(regulates$banking)$
• 1914$–$Federal$Trade$Commission$
(oversees$business$prac)ces)$
• 1916$–$Introduces$8$hour$day$in$
certain$businesses,$outlaws$child$
labor,$workmen’s$compensa)on$
for$federal$employees$
Wilson$and$Race$
• White$southerner$
• ReJsegregates$federal$
offices$(had$been$
desegregated$since$
Reconstruc)on,$30+$
years$earlier)$
• Shows$white$
supremacist$film$The$
Birth$of$a$Na-on$in$the$
White$House$(right)$
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Roosevelt$and$Wilson:$The$Progressive$
Presidents$
Challenged$the$trusts$
Expanded$na)onal$park$system$
Regulated$food$safety$
Shortened$hours$and$improved$benefits$for$(some)$workers$
Strengthened$an)trust$regula)ons$
Introduced$graduated$income$tax$
Established$Federal$Trade$Commission$and$Federal$Reserve$
System$
• Expanded$the$power$of$the$presidency$and$increased$the$
involvement$of$the$federal$government$in$the$lives$of$ci)zens$
The$Poli)cs$of$the$Progressive$Era$
• 1.$Alterna)ves$to$Progressivism$
• 2.$The$Progressive$Presidents$
• 3.#Feminism#and#Women’s#Suffrage#
•
•
•
•
Birth$of$“Feminism”$
Around$1910$
Earlier$ac)vists$emphasize$aqributes$
tradi)onally$gendered$“female”$(i.e.$duty$and$
moral$purity)$
Progressive$Era$ac)vists$emphasize$equal$
rights,$selfJdevelopment,$sexual$and$economic$
independence$
Women$are$the$equals$of$men,$and$deserve$
the$same$access$and$opportuni)es$
Gilded$Age$Women’s$Rights$Ac)vists$
• Charloqe$Perkins$
Gilman$–$women$need$
economic$
independence$
• “Mother$Jones”$–$labor$
organizer$
• Emma$Goldman$(right)$
–$anarchist,$cri)c$of$
tradi)onal$marriage,$
supporter$of$sexual$
equality$
•
•
•
•
Margaret$Sanger$
Trained$nurse$
Coined$the$term$“birth$
control”$in$1915$
Women$have$a$right$to$
sexual$pleasure,$and$the$
right$to$determine$when$
to$have$a$child$
Fights$laws$that$make$it$a$
crime$to$sell$birth$control$
or$provide$informa)on$
Women’s$Suffrage$
Alice$Paul$
•
•
•
•
Feminist$and$Suffragist$
Rejects$arguments$
stressing$female$
domes)city.$Women$
deserve$the$right$to$vote$
based$on$their$equality$as$
ci)zens$
Founds$Na)onal$
Women’s$Party$
Protests$at$White$House$
lead$to$arrest$
Suffrage$and$the$South$
• Many$supporters$of$
women’s$suffrage,$
including$Rebecca$La)mer$
Felton$(right),$cast$
suffrage$as$defense$of$
white$supremacy$
• Many$southern$women$
oppose$suffrage.$Defend$
women’s$tradi)onal$roles,$
even$as$they$are$ac)ve$in$
public$sphere$
19th$Amendment$
• Passes$Congress$in$1919,$
ra)fied$by$states$in$1920$
• “The$right$of$ci)zens$of$
the$United$States$to$vote$
shall$not$be$denied$or$
abridged$by$the$United$
States$or$by$any$State$on$
account$of$sex.”$
$
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