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How might Kuroki's military experience have changed him? How might his service have changed the attitude of his crew and superior officers?

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SINGULAR LIVES Ben Kuroki, U.S. Airman BACK EM UP In the days following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, hundreds of thousands of young Americans volunteered for the armed forces. Among these patriots, Ben Kuroki and his brother Fred drove 150 miles to a recruiting station in their home state of Nebraska. Initially rejected as "unfit for service" due to their Japanese American heritage, the brothers made their way to another station and were instantly accepted by a recruiting agent whose more pressing concern was the $2 commission he received for each recruit. Ben Kuroki became a tail-gunner in a B-24, one of the few Japanese Americans permitted to fly bombing missions for the U.S. Army Air Force. By the end of the war, he was among the most decorated airmen in the service. stopping only when they were shot down over fascist Spanish territory. Kuroki and the crew were held captive for three months until the State Department negotiated their release. The young tail-gunner returned to the United States, where he was awarded the first of three Distinguished Flying Crosses BU A BONDS Born in small-town Nebraska during World War I, Kuroki was one of ten children of Japanese immigrant parents. Kuroki enjoyed the same childhood as most other Nebraskan children, experiencing virtually none of the discrimination and enmity that the Nisei (children of Japanese immigrants) suffered on the Pacific coast. But in training camp, Kuroki was bewildered to discover that many of his fellow airmen considered him racially inferior. He learned that the best way to survive was to do his job well while attracting minimal attention. When Kuroki's squadron received orders to ship out to the Pacific, he was grounded because the Army forbade Japanese Americans from entering combat. Bitterly disappointed, he pleaded to be posted to Europe. Noting the airman's exemplary record, the commanding officer consented. In 1944, as the army grew desperate for more recruits, the Fighting Injustice at Home and Abroad. Decorated airman Ben government turned Kuroki helped the government recruit interned Japanese Americans to the to untapped war effort. After the war, he campaigned for full civil rights for minorities. populations, such as the 110,000 interned Japanese Americans. The army now championed the exceptional and Japan," he explained on a nationwide young airman as an example of its speaking tour, "but also to fight against a supposedly enlightened policies-and as few Americans who fail to understand the someone who could persuade internees to principles of freedom and equality upon enlist. Sought out by the press and radio, which this country was founded." He had Kuroki received rousing applause at public flown a record fifty-eight missions during appearances in New York and San Francisco. the war, but, he declared, "I've got one But he still suffered discrimination. “I don't more mission to go ... the fight against know for sure if it's safe to walk the streets of prejudice and race hatred. I call it my 59th my own country," he reflected sadly, having mission, and I have a hunch I won't be been refused hotel, taxicab, and restaurant fighting alone." service. He was appalled to learn that the vast majority of Japanese soldiers-like Think About It African Americans-served in their own segregated regiments. Returning to battle in 1. Although a Japanese American, Ben the Pacific, he was nearly killed by a knife- Kuroki did not experience discrimination wielding Gl who screamed "Damn the Japs!" until he tried to enlist in the military. What might this say about regional variations in race relations? Despite the grueling bombing missions, Europe proved a welcome respite from discrimination. Like Kuroki's childhood friends in Nebraska, Europeans accepted him first and foremost as the American he had always been. Gradually, his white crew came to respect and admire him, nicknaming him "Honorable Son." They flew a punishing thirty missions over German targets, 2. How might Kuroki's military experience After the war, Kuroki campaigned against racism and became the first Japanese American to own and edit an English- language newspaper. "Not only did I go to war to fight the fascist ideas of Germany have changed him? How might his service have changed the attitudes of his crew and superior officers? other arsenals of democracy” (see Map 25.2). “It made me think of The Grapes of Wrath," one California migrant reflected, “minus the poverty and hopelessness." Many white women were especially eager to step into fac- tory jobs, from which most had been previously barred. The War Production Board and other federal agencies worked with business to recruit housewives, while millions of other women women had made up just one-quarter of the national labor quit their low-wage jobs for the war industries. Whereas force before the war, by 1945 they accounted for one-third of 704
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