Tourism Stereotypes and Satisifcation

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1-Why and how do tourists develop and/or resort to stereotypes while traveling away from their home environment? Why are stereotypes often inaccurate? Why are stereotypes helpful? Why are stereotypes dangerous? How can we modify and/or eliminate stereotypes? Your answer must be a minimum of 700 words and maximum of 1000 words.



2-If you were the President of the San Diego Tourism Authority, how would you go about evaluating satisfaction levels of tourists visiting the region? Which technique of satisfaction measurement would be the most adequate? Describe this technique? Why should international tourist complaints not always be used in assessing their vacation satisfaction? Your answer must be a minimum of 700 words and maximum of 1000 words.

Answers need to be detailed and in paragraph form, with a clear structure. You are welcome to find additional information on the topic and apply them to your answers, but if yo do so, use the APA convention for citing sources, to avoid plagiarism. Here is 3 powerpoint slides that you should read and use in your writing. If you need any further help, you can ask me.


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Rules of Social Interaction Definitions, types, cultural differences Rules of Social Interaction are… • According to Moghaddam et al. (1993): – Relationship-based guidelines – Direct behavior of individuals – Make actions consistent with expectations of others • According to Shimanoff (1980): – Prescriptions – Obligated, preferred, or prohibited behavior • According to Searle (1969): – Prescriptions, regulations – Help regulate, evaluate, predict social conduct Rules of Social Interaction are… • Rules help understand events, actions, behavior • Rules help achieve end-states, goals in situations and relationships – Harmony – Satisfaction – Public-order • Rules are conditional (can be broken, modified or ignored) Types of Rules Situation rules • Indication of how to behave in certain social situations • General or specific social situations – Appropriate greeting, gifting, conversing – Guests, strangers, friends Types of Rules Relationship rules • Important component of relationships • Explicit, formal, coded in written/spoken language, directly stated, well-known – Public or institutional regulations • Implicit, informal, coded in non-verbal behavior, indirectly stated, learned through socialization, observation – Intimacy, social status, dominance • Guide interactions – voluntary relationships do not need explicit rules – involuntary relationships need explicit rules Types of Rules Universal and specific rules • Universal apply to all situations and cultures – Friendliness, pleasantness, politeness, respect • Specific rules apply to specific situations and cultures Orders of Rules • First-order rules – Rules of etiquette for social situations • Second-order rules – Rules of social relations and hierarchy – Social distribution of rights and privileges • Third-order rules – Self-presentation, self-performance, self-image Rules, Commands, Laws and Norms • • • • Rules are general, can be followed Commands are specific, must be followed Rules are not enforceable, laws are enforceable Norms are special rules that refer to regularities in behavior • Norms are statement of ideal behavior Fundamental Norms Norms of justice • Meaning of fairness – Norm of equity (deservingness) • Individualism: rewards based on contribution – Norm of equality (even distribution) • Collectivism: rewards regardless of contribution Fundamental Norms Norm of reciprocity • People should help those who have helped them – Individualistic cultures: short-term, voluntary reciprocity – Collectivistic cultures: long-term, obligatory reciprocity Rules are Culturally Determined… • Culture provides ‘rules of the game’ • Rules vary along cultural dimensions – Rules are patterned and ordered by cultural values – Rules vary according to dominant values and culture – Rules together with values define dominant culture • Rules have specific consequences Rules are Culturally Determined… • Different cultures have different expectations of these consequences – Sanctions for rules violations – Disruption/deterioration of relationships • Unsatisfactory service – Americans more likely to complain, stop patronizing, warn others – Japanese more likely to take no action Learning Rules • Understand and deal successfully with culturally different people • Requires deep cultural understanding – How and why natives interact in a specific way – Historical, political, economic, religious, educational practices – Values, beliefs, attitudes, thought patterns Rules of Social Relationships and Cultural Dimensions • Collectivistic/High UA – More rules concerning outgroups than individualistic • Collectivistic/High PD – More formal rules for hierarchical work relations – More rules for social relationships • Masculine – More rules of performance than rules for harmony Rules of Social Relationships and Cultural Dimensions • Collectivistic – More rules to avoid public confrontation and negative criticism • High UA – More rules of conforming behavior – Formal rules to maintain social order – Less tolerance for rules violation Rules of Social Relationships and Cultures • Eastern – Obedience, conflict avoidance, saving face, group harmony, emotional restraint, self-presentation • Japan – Specific rules for human interaction and situation than to person – Formal rules regulating public interactions than private • More control and more prohibited activities in public Rules of Social Relationships and Cultures • Japan – More work and group relational rules • Supervisor-subordinate relations • Order and hierarchy – Significant endorsement of obedience and restraints – More group loyalty and harmony rules • Conflict avoidance, ‘face saving’ – Less expression of emotions – More gift-exchange Rules of Social Relationships and Cultures • Hong Kong – Privacy, parents, ancestors, obligations – More influence of Western values • All cultures – Common professional relationship rules • Watching personal appearance • Showing courtesy and respect • Avoiding social intimacy Cultural Influences of Satisfaction Satisfaction • • • • High Medium Low Dissatisfaction Experience Satisfaction • • • • High Medium Low Dissatisfaction Performance Experience Internal Performance Internal Performance External Spillover Effect Internal Performance Values (Environment Fit) Expectations (disconfirmation) Perceptions (input-output) Spillover Effect External Performance Physical Host Interactive Cross-Cultural Satisfaction internal Performance external Guest/Tourist culture Experience Host/Local culture Satisfaction Cross-Cultural Satisfaction Multifaceted  Measurement difficulty  Spillover effect  Overall Satisfaction vs. Component Satisfaction  Perceptions Concept, types, differences Concept and Definitions Perception is a process…. ⚫ Through which individuals see the world around themselves; an individual selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world (Schiffman and Kanuk, 1987, p.174) ⚫ By which stimuli are selected from the external environment and interpreted into meaningful internal experiences (Samovar and Porter, 1991) ⚫ That shape and produce what we actually experience (Mitchell, 1978) Concept and Definitions ⚫ Perceptions are the impressions people form of one another and how interpretations are made concerning the behavior of others (Hargie, 1986, p. 47) ⚫ First impressions are particularly important because they decide whether one associates with others (Huston and Levinger, 1978) Taxi drivers, security personnel, airline attendants, registration staff influence whether or not tourists will be willing to interact with hosts in the future Subjectivity of Perceptions ⚫ Perceptions and their meanings are subjective Meanings of objects/events differs depending on perceiver People’s views reflect environment and culture Impacts choice of stimuli, interpretation and judgment ⚫ Perceptions depend on culturally-determined elements Value orientations, expectations experiences, interests Awareness of stimuli depends on strength of value orientation Subjectivity of Tourist Perceptions ⚫ Perceptions of tourists with limited experience of the product/host Created on basis of knowledge from promotions (subjective) Assessment based on subjective perceptions ⚫ Perceptions of tourists with prior experience Created on basis of first-hand knowledge (reality) Assessment based on reality Perceptions and Social Interactions ⚫ Predominance of perceptual bias ⚫ Perceptions are selective and limited One person, one situation, specific context of interaction ⚫ Perceptions involve categorizations Distinctions based on common characteristics Groupings of people/objects ⚫ Accurate development of perceptions is inhibited Sharp distinction between categories/groups Difficult to recognize individual distinctions within groups Perception Checking ⚫ To increase accuracy of predictions and interpretations concerning others’ behaviors (Gudykunst and Kim, 1997) ⚫ Three steps Describe others’ behavior Tell other one’s own interpretation of other’s behavior Ask other if one’s own perceptions are accurate ⚫ Important for evaluating accuracy of one’s perceptions Base one’s behavior on accurate perceptions Types of Perceptions in Social Interactions ⚫Perceptions of other people Tourist perceptions of hosts, vice versa ⚫Perceptions of one’s own Tourist/host perceptions of themselves ⚫Perceptions of the perceptions (metaperceptions) How others perceive they are perceived Culture, Social Interaction, and Perception Culture ⚫ Perceptions are culturally conditioned ⚫ Cultural environment provides experiences and produces meanings ⚫ Perception stimuli and criteria are culturally determined ⚫ Culturally determined aesthetic values determine perception of physical appearance and attractiveness Culture, Social Interaction, and Perception Cultural similarity ⚫ Perceptions influenced by cultural similarity and familiarity ⚫ Familiarity/similarity bring people together Acceptance, progressive interaction, positive affiliation ⚫ Lack of familiarity, dissimilarity Negative perceptions, inhibited affiliation Negative perceptions last longer, difficult to change Culture, Social Interaction, and Perception ⚫Perceptions depend on source of information and interpretation of information Advertising, travel agents, travel brochures, websites Need for culturally unbiased information Tourists’/ Hosts’ Perceptions of Each Other Tourists’ perceptions of hosts ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ Important part of overall tourist perception of holiday Detract from, contribute to destination success Influence choice of destination, motivate repeat visitation Professional, welcoming, knowledgeable, helpful hosts  Enhanced quality of product, satisfaction of needs  Encourage repeat visitation ⚫ Negative host perceptions  Discouraged visitation, criticism, dissatisfaction Tourists’/ Hosts’ Perceptions of Each Other Hosts’ perceptions of tourists ⚫ Destinations with majority of tourists from different nationalities  Perceptions relating to a variety of characteristics ⚫ Destinations with majority of domestic tourists  Perception of minor differences ⚫ Destinations with a great number of tourists  High prevalence of negative perceptions ⚫ Mass tourism leads to disappearance of positive perceptions Attitudes, Stereotyping, and Ethnocentrism ⚫ Attitudes formed on basis of perceptions ⚫ Image determines destination choice, development, marketing ⚫ Attribution is process of ascribing characteristic qualities to people/things Attitudes, Stereotyping, and Ethnocentrism ⚫ Stereotype refers to attribution of traits, labels, perceptions of people  Based on common characteristics  Another term for overgeneralization  Generalization about a group on the basis of few individuals  New situations and lack of deep knowledge  Host develop tourist stereotype through gossip, government propaganda, observations, personal past experience  Tourists develop host stereotype from literature, media, educational sources, prior travel experiences, other tourists  May be positive or negative Attitudes, Stereotyping, and Ethnocentrism ⚫ Ethnocentrism is the belief in one’s own cultural superiority One’s own customs, beliefs, behavioral practices better to those of others Other cultures treated as deviations from normality Blocks effective intercultural interactions and communication Leads to cultural arrogance, avoidance, withdrawal, faulty attribution Leads to prejudice, discrimination, conflict, war
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Running head: TOURISM

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Tourism Stereotypes and Satisfaction
Name
Course
Instructor
Date

TOURISM

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Tourism Stereotypes and Satisfaction
Question 1

Globalization and the development of cultural diversity have colossally reshaped the way
people interact in recent years. Individuals around the globe are progressively mingling up with
associates and partners from other cultures. Managing such diversity is intricate and requires a
high state of multifaceted ability that can get created through diverse cultural forms.
There is a need to understand individuals according to their own culture. Stereotypes are
human ideas of different gatherings of individuals — their values, their states of mind, the way
they live, the sort of society they have made, and so forth. It is a route for us to abridge and at
last assess the accumulation of individuals who vary from us. For a tourist visiting another
country a stereotype provides two guideline benefits: it enables us to weigh surmises about the
encounters we are going to have opposite to our hosts, and it likewise advises us on our behavior
- how we should, and will be relied upon to act among them (Pearce, & Butler, 2013). The
positive and best parts of this are evident. Having framed some first thoughts regarding the
general public that a person will visit, they can likely comprehend, decipher and anticipate the
conduct they experience, while in the meantime providing them some essential principles of
leadership that will assist with bettering acclimate and fit themselves with the general public they
encounter.
On the other part, our stereotypes can frequently be incorrect. Not exclusively are such
learned stereotypes not due to the first-hand encounter, but instead, they get mostly separated
through the cultural focal point of each who has made that generalization. They are likewise
subject to personal inclinations, cultural perspectiv...

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