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units and measurements 9 . . . Measurement of length The Indian national standards of seven base units are maintained at National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi. The standard of length (metre) is realised by employing a stabilised helium-neon laser as a source of light. Very small distances such as inter-molecular distances, size of molecules, radius of atom can be measured by electron microscope. Modern science has developed tunneling microscopes to resolve microscopic distances. Rutherford developed scattering method to measure distance of closest approach which is of the order of 10-14 m. Very large distances such as the distance of a star from earth can be measured with the help of angular measurements or parallax methods. Sextant can measure height of mountains. Radar signal echo method or optical Doppler shift method provide measurements of diameters of moon and star. The following table displays the large variation in terms of order of magnitude of length. 1. Diameter of proton 2. Diameter of nucleus 3. Diameter of hydrogen atom 10-10 m 4. Height of human being 100 m 5. Length of cricket field 102 m 6. Height of Mount Everest 7. Diameter of earth 107 m Diameter of sun 109 m 10-15 m 10-14 m 104 m 8 ...
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