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Psych Definitions

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Psychology

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CUNY College of Staten Island

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Part 1 In your own words, in at least 50 words, describe what these psychological concepts

mean. Feel free to draw from your experience or give an example. You’re being graded on how

you follow instructions and the quality of your answer. You’re not aiming for perfection; you just

need to show me that you have an idea/understanding the concept.

Chapter 11- Emotion and Motivation

Mere Exposure Effect (p. 414) - psychological principle where people form a preference for

things because they are familiar with them. This can sometimes be called the familiarity

principle. An example of this would be if someone is at a restaurant and they see a food they like

on the menu. They are more likely to go for that food because they are familiar with it

Cannon-Bard Theory (p. 411) - a psychological explanation that states everyone feels some type

of emotions and will experience physical reactions to them. This theory was developed by

Walter Cannon and Philip Bard. An example of this would be if something scary happens to

someone, it is likely that their palms will become sweaty and they will tremble with fear.

Nonverbal leakage (p. 415-416) – This is a type of non-verbal behavior that happens when

someone is saying one thing and their body is expressing another thing. This can happen through

someone’s hand gestures or facial expressions. For example, if a person says they are not scared

but their facial expression shows that they are scared would be an example of nonverbal leakage.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (p. 433) – This is a pyramid shape that shows which physiological

needs need to be satisfied before someone’s safety needs. The first tier is to satisy thirst and

hunger. The second tier is the need for safety. The third tier is the need for love and acceptance.

The fourth tier is the need to have self-esteem and the fifth tier is a need for self-actualization.

Facial feedback hypothesis (p. 415) – This is a hypothesis that states that our facial expressions

go hand in hand with our emotions. It also stats that our facial expressions can have an affect on

our emotions. For example, when we are frowning we are usually sad but frowning can also

make us feel sad as well.

Chapter 6- Learning

Habituation (pg 202) - This is an adaptable learning process where there is a decrease in

response to something after being exposed to it for a long time. For example, if a dog walks

into a room repeatedly where there is a toy, it will begin to ignore the toy because it is so

used to it being there.

Little Albert experiment (p. 208) – This was an expierence that shows evidence of classical

conditioning. In this experiment a baby was shown a rat and at first the baby liked the rat. The

baby was then shown a loud noise which obviously made the baby cry. The baby was then

shown the rat and loud noise which made the baby cry. When the baby was shown the rat again,

he cried because he related the rat to a loud noise.

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Negative reinforcement (pg 214) – This is a term used by B.F. Skinner for his theory of operant

conditioning. Negative reinforcement is when a hebavior is increased in strength by removing

whatever the negative stimulus is. An example of this would be a child being allowed to leave

the dinner table after finishing all of their food.

Observational Learning (p. 226) – This is a form of learning that is adapted through observation

and watching others then giving back that information. For example, if a teenager is learning to

drive and they have watched their parents drive, they will repeat the steps that their parents have

done when driving. This is an example of observational learning.

Fixed ratio (p. 218) – A fixed ratio is a type of reinforcement that is scheduled where a response

is reinforced after a specific number of times. B.F. Skinner stated that the amount of times a

behavior was reinforced, there was strengthening in the response and it had an impact on the

frequency of the response.

Unconditioned stimulus (p 203) – This is the type of stimulus that automatically causes a

response. For example, when a dog hears another dog barking, they are most likely going to bark

as well. The first dog barking that caused the other dog to bark is an unconditioned stimulus.

Chapter 7-Memory

The Three Systems of Memory (p. 242)

1. Sensory memory – This is the ability to recall sensory information after in stimulus has

ceased. For example, the ability to look at a picture and recall what is in that picture is a

form of sensory memory.

2. Short term memory (working memory) – The duration of this form of memory is usually

between fifteen and thirty seconds. An example of short-term memory would be

remembering a sequence of numbers after looking at it.

3. Long term memory – This is when information is held inside your brain for an indefinite

period of time. An example of long-term memory would be the address that you live at.

Implicit memory - (p. 250) – This is also referred to as your unconscious memory. Implicit

memory is when you remember things without thinking about them. For example, if something

traumatic happens to you, you will always be able to remember that traumatic event without even

thinking about it.

Eyewitness testimony (p. 277 ) – This is an account given by people because of something they

have witnessed. This is often used in courtrooms for criminal cases. For example if there is a

murder that someone is being tried for and a person was there at the scene of the crime, they will

given an eyewitness testimony in court.

Chunking (p. 246) – This is a term that is used for taking small pieces of information and

grouping them into larger pieces of information. This will allow someone to remember more

information. Chunking usually happens when people are trying to remember phone numbers.

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Part 1 In your own words, in at least 50 words, describe what these psychological concepts mean. Feel free to draw from your experience or give an example. You’re being graded on how you follow instructions and the quality of your answer. You’re not aiming for perfection; you just need to show me that you have an idea/understanding the concept. Chapter 11- Emotion and Motivation Mere Exposure Effect (p. 414) - psychological principle where people form a preference for things because they are familiar with them. This can sometimes be called the familiarity principle. An example of this would be if someone is at a restaurant and they see a food they like on the menu. They are more likely to go for that food because they are familiar with it Cannon-Bard Theory (p. 411) - a psychological explanation that states everyone feels some type of emotions and will experience physical reactions to them. This theory was developed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard. An example of this would be if something scary happens to someone, it is likely that their palms will become sweaty and they will tremble with fear. Nonverbal leakage (p. 415-416) – This is a type of non-verbal behavior that happens when someone is saying one thing and their body is expressing another thing. This can happen through someone’s hand gestures or facial expressions. For example, if a person says they are not scared but their facial expression shows that they are scared would be an example of nonverbal leakage. ...
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Tags: psychology human behavior Emotion and Motivation sensory memory psychological concepts