Biological Basis of MemoryFor years, researchers have tried to identify the biological basis of memory. This basis might take many forms, such as the model we will discuss this week, but the physical trace of the memory has become known as the engram. While it is likely that there are multiple ways in which memory is stored, the current model for the formation of new memories is Long-Term Potentiation. This model was described by Donald Hebb, who summarized it in 1949 by saying “Neurons that fire together, wire together.” This model suggests that when neurons are typically activated at the same time, the connection between those cells is strengthened. In the terms we have described earlier in our class, the postsynaptic cell becomes more responsive to the neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic cell. Nearly 20 years after Hebb’s quote, the process of LTP was actually observed in the hippocampus. Today, this model is the basis for our understanding of how new memories are formed. A more recent, and less well-understood process is long-term depression, in which the connections between two cells are actively weakened.For this Discussion, you will explore this LTP model including the neurotransmitters and receptors involved. You will consider what activates each receptor and what changes within the receptor when it is activated.Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the Post to Discussion Question link, and then select Create Thread to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts—and cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit. To prepare:Review this week’s Learning Resources about Long-Term Potentiation.Use the Walden Library to locate at least two empirical articles that help to explain how LTP is beneficial to daily life.Post a response to the following:Explain Long-Term Potentiation in your own words.Include a description of the receptor involved in LTP and what happens when it is stimulated by its ligand.Explain the changes that happen in both the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell as part of the LTP process. Briefly summarize the articles you found in the library that support how LTP is beneficial in your daily life. Include full APA references for your articles.Support your posting with specific references from literature in the Walden Library and Learning Resources. Learning ResourcesRequired ReadingsBreedlove, S. M., & Watson, N. V. (2019). Behavioral neuroscience (9th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Chapter 17, “Learning and Memory”Carey, B. (2008, December 5). H. M., whose loss of memory made him unforgettable, dies. The New York Times.Hannula, D. E., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2016). Hippocampal interactions with brain networks that influence learning & memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 134 Pt A, 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.018Milner, B. (n.d.). Reflections on the field of brain and memory: A tribute to HM. NARSAD Research Quarterly, 24–25. doi:10.1037/e546432011-008Watson, D. J., Ostroff, L., Cao, G., Parker, P. H., Smith, H., & Harris, K. M. (2016). LTP enhances synaptogenesis in the developing hippocampus. Hippocampus, 26(5), 560–576. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/h...LTP enhances synaptogenesis in the developing hippocampus by Watson, D.J., Ostroff, L., Cao, G., Parker, P.H., Smith, H., & Harris, K.M, in Hippocampus, Vol. 26/Issue 5. Copyright 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. via the Copyright Clearance Center.Required MediaDoolittle, P. (2013, June). Peter Doolittle: How your “working memory” makes sense of the world [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/peter_doolittle_how_your...Note: The length of this media is approximately 9 minutes.Fogel, B. (Producer). (2015, July 10). Forget-me-not: How prions maintain memory [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/forget-me-n...Note: The length of this media is approximately 12 minutes.Kean, S. (2014, August). Sam Kean: What happens when you remove the hippocampus? [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/sam_kean_what_happens_wh...Note: The length of this media is approximately 5 minutes.Loftus, E. (2013, June). Elizabeth Loftus: How reliable is your memory? [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_loftus_the_fic...Note: The length of this media is approximately 18 minutes.Yue, C. (n.d.). Long term potentiation and synaptic plasticity. Retrieved May 2, 2019, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-med...Note: The length of this media is approximately 3 minutes.Sinauer Associates, Inc. (Producer). (n.d.). AMPA and NMDA receptors. Available from https://oup-arc.com/access/breedlove9e-student-res... Animation 17.2 with your textbookNote: The length of this media is approximately 3 minutes.

Dual diagnosis clients are often in treatment for substance use and mental health disorders. Their treatment is trickier than those who only have one of these disorders. For this assignment, you will research the complicated relationship between mental health and substance use disorders. For example, clients diagnosed with mood disorders often turn to alcohol or illicit substances to regulate their moods.Select one of the hypothetical client scenarios. Briefly summarize the scenario and propose some health problems that the client might have as a result of his/her illicit drug/alcohol use. Research the interaction between the drug use and the mental health disorder use your textbook and three other academic sources to support your ideas. Explain how the drug directly affects the person’s nervous system.First Part: Select a scenarioDarrenDarren is a 24-year-old male who was diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and Bipolar Disorder. He was diagnosed with ADHD at age seven by pediatric neurologist and started to take stimulants to reduce the impulsivity. During his late high school years, he became violent with his mother. He suffered mood swings that did not seem related to the ADHD. His psychiatrist and psychologist added Bipolar Disorder to his diagnosis. He was prescribed antidepressants in addition to his other medications.He was able to develop skills to manage his attention without medication. He stopped taking stimulants for his ADHD. However, he continued to take medications for the Bipolar Disorder diagnosis. These included Abilify and Clonidine. Darren did not like taking either of those drugs, so he began to experiment with using a combination of marijuana and cocaine to manage his moods. Darren is now addicted to using marijuana and feels that he cannot function without it.Darren needs treatment for his drug use, but will also need help with his bipolar disorder symptoms too. He lives with a girlfriend who has threatened to move out if he does not get treatment soon. He wants to change, but insists that his marijuana use is the only thing that stabilizes his moods.RhondaRhonda is a 32-year-old mother of two young children who has a history of depression (including post-partum) and alcoholism. She smokes two packs of cigarettes a day and drinks the equivalent of two bottles of wine a day. She was initially diagnosed with depression as a teenager. From the age of 13 to 18, she used self-injury to alleviate her stress and depression. She received treatment and stopped cutting. However, she began drinking and smoking in place of cutting.Rhonda suffered intense periods of depression after the birth of both children. Her doctor prescribed Prozac and Wellbutrin at different times. She did not think that the medications worked very well, so she often took double doses of her medications along with wine. She continued to see a therapist during these times, but did not reveal that she was drinking.Rhonda was referred to treatment because of a Driving Under the Influence arrest. She revealed that she has been drinking and smoking cigarettes throughout the day to treat her depression. She does not think that her medications work. Her husband will support her recovery as long as she promises to stop drinking and take her depression medication.Part One (about two pages)1. Summarize the scenario explaining why the client is considered “dually diagnosed.”2. Using your research, explain the health problems that can occur from using the specifically mentioned illicit drug/alcohol. What are the effects on the body/brain?Part Two (about two pages)3. Using your research, explain how the specific illicit drug/alcohol impacts the person’s mental health disorder (e.g. someone diagnosed with anxiety and takes a stimulant will have increased anxiety).4. Explain the specific problems that exist in treating the dual diagnosed (e.g. setting for treatment, interventions, medical treatment).This is an essay so be sure you are weaving the answers to the questions into a well-written academic essay. The viewpoint and purpose should be clearly established and sustained. The writing should be well ordered, logical and unified, as well as original and insightful. The essay should be 1200 words (not including the title and reference page) supported by current research, and formatted according to the most recent edition of the APA manual.You must demonstrate college-level communication through the composition of original materials in Standard American English. [Note: Standard American English is the common language of educated professionals and is understood by people across different geographical regions, educational backgrounds, and ethnic and racial associations.] Please visit the Kaplan University Writing Center to access information about using appropriate “in-text citations” and to get help with writing mechanics.Each paper should include:A title pageThe paper itself (the "discussion")body of the paper“In-text citations “formatted according to the most recent edition of the APA manualUse standard margins: 1" on all sides.Use standard 12-point font size, Times New Roman or Arial.Use standard double-spacing: average of 22 lines per page, and between 20 and 24 lines per page.Use left-aligned text. Do not right-justify.A reference pageRubricUnit 6 Assignment Rubric Grading Criteria Points Possible Points Earned Content Addresses the following: Part One: Summary of the scenario with an explanation of why the client is considered “dually diagnosed” Explanation of the health problems that can occur from the specific illicit drug chosen. Full description of the effects that can be caused by use of this drug. Research should support the explanation. 0-35 Part Two: Reflection on how the drug/alcohol use affects the severity of the mental health disorder (from the chosen scenario). Explanation of specific problems that exist when treating someone with this specific dual diagnosis. Proposal and explanation of at least two strategies used to support the treatment of the selected client. 0-35 Writing Structure: Paper includes a title page, introduction with thesis statement, conclusion, and in-text citations and reference page using APA style. Paper is appropriate in length (body of the paper should be 5-pages, not including the title page or reference page). Paper includes reference to the textbook and at least 3 other academic sources. 0-15 Mechanics: Form and paper use Standard American English including correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation, and complete sentences and paragraphs). Form and paper are free of typographical errors. Form and paper include a highly developed viewpoint and purpose. Form and paper demonstrate superior organization; communication is highly ordered, logical and unified. 0-15 Total 100