In a computer model of memory, _____ would happen at the keyboard, _____ on the monitor, and _____ on the hard drive.storage, encoding, retrievalencoding, storage, retrievalretrieval, storage, encodingencoding, retrieval, storage1 points QUESTION 2The following descriptions are characteristic of _____: information lasts for a few seconds or less, a large but not unlimited storage capacity, and transmission of an accurate but not perfect “image.”working memoryshort-term memorylong-term memorysensory memory1 points QUESTION 3This explains why you can recall what someone said several seconds ago, even if you were absorbed in another task when he or she first said it.working memoryPhonosonic memoryIconic memory Echoic memory1 points QUESTION 4When you swallow the last bite of a divine piece of chocolate and continue to experience the delightful taste for a bit longer, you are utilizing your _____. long-term memory mnemonic devicessensory memory systemimaginary sensory system1 points QUESTION 5Yu-Wai just met a woman he feels attracted to. He keeps saying her name over and over to himself to make sure he doesn't forget it. Yu-Wai is using _____ to keep this woman’s name in _____ memory. maintenance rehearsal; short-term memorymnemonics; long-term memorya reverberating circuit; sensory memoryselective attention; short-term memory1 points QUESTION 6Miguel has an average memory capacity. Which of the following lists is the MOST likely to forget?IBM, CBS, FBI, CIA, NBC, ABC, ESPZKQ, LMP, TSC, XRJKaren, Kathy, Katie, Keith, Kevin, Kim,123, 456, 789, 987, 654, 3211 points QUESTION 7Short-term memory receives information from _____ memory.sensory sensory and long-termsensory and workinglong-term1 points QUESTION 8Your general knowledge of what you have learned so far in this course is called _____.nondeclarative memory implicit memorysemantic memoryepisodic memory1 points QUESTION 9Just as chunking is a form of STM organization, _____ is (are) a form of LTM organization. parallel processingrehearsalhierarchiesmassed practice1 points QUESTION 10An essay test requires the use of _____ because you must use very general retrieval cues to search the contents of your LTM.the encoding specificity principle recall recognitionall of these options1 points QUESTION 11When taking an exam, students often do better with items taken from the first and last of the chapter covered by the exam. This demonstrates _____.the state-dependent effectsource amnesiathe superiority of distributed practicethe serial-position effect 1 points QUESTION 12According to the serial position effect, to increase the chance that you will be remembered by your host when introduced at a crowded party, you should try to be introduced _____. seventhin the middle fourth either first or last1 points QUESTION 13In answering this question, the correct multiple-choice option may serve as a _____ for recalling accurate information from your long-term memory.specificity codepriming pump retrieval cueflashbulb stimulus1 points QUESTION 14When asked to recall the date of John Kennedy’s assassination, Peter draws a blank; however, when asked whether it was October 24, 1962, November 22, 1963, or February 1, 1965, he correctly answers with the second of the choices. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of ______.state-dependent memory retrieval cuesmnemonic devicescross links in deep structure1 points QUESTION 15Ebbinghaus found that he could remember _____ percent of a list of nonsense syllables an hour after learning the list perfectly, _____ percent a day later, and _____ percent a week later.10; 20; 3044; 35; 2199; 90; 10 50; 49; 481 points QUESTION 16According to Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve, forgetting _____.is initially rapid, then slowsis initially slow, then speedsoccurs at a steady rate over timeoccurs rapidly in children and older adults, but slower in young adults1 points QUESTION 17To measure Anita’s retention of the poems she learned 15 years ago, the time it took her to review, recall, and recite the poetry was recorded. This is an example of _____.a recall ratiorelearningreintegrationnone of these options1 points QUESTION 18Tests make you anxious. You forgot there was a test today. Freud might suggest that his theory of _____ applies in this situation.passive aggressivenessunconscious resistancedefense mechanisms motivated forgetting1 points QUESTION 19Encoding failure is likely due to _____.momentary inaccessibilitya failure of sensory memorya problem with STMdeciding the information wasn't important enough to transfer to LTM1 points QUESTION 20This is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.Paul said “ooks” instead of “oops.”Simon wrote a song, but just couldn’t recall the words at the moment.Art said “white” instead of “black.”Peter experienced a sour sensation when he licked his lollipop.1 points QUESTION 21You are likely to forget your old address once you have learned your new one because of _____ interference.episodicsemanticproactiveretroactive1 points QUESTION 22Varian is finding it hard to learn Greek in his first year of college because he took Latin in his last two years of high school. This is an example of _____.motivated forgettingproactive interferencetemporary amnesiaretroactive interference1 points QUESTION 23An assailant entered a classroom and attacked the professor during class! Of course, it was staged for a learning experience so the professor said, “What did he look like? I only noticed he was really tall,” even though he was actually rather short. When questioned by the police, most students described the assailant as being really tall; this is known as the _______.misinformation effectsleeper effectsource amnesiathe double bind1 points QUESTION 24Jamie heard about a divorce that was printed in the RAG MAG, which she does not believe is very reliable. However, over time, she forgot where she heard about the divorce. The fact that she later came to believe the story was true is known as _______.a) the misinformation effectb) the information effectc) the sleeper effectd) source amnesia the information effect the misinformation effect the sleeper effect source amnesia1 points QUESTION 25Cramming is another term for _____, which is an inefficient form of studying.buddy studyingserial studyingmassed practicepriming1 points QUESTION 26Students who study in long, unbroken intervals are engaged in _____, and are likely to perform _____ on a test of what they learned.massed practice; welldistributed practice; welldistributed practice; poorlymassed practice; poorly1 points QUESTION 27Why do your teachers want you to distribute your study time evenly across the semester, rather than cram your learning into a few long, unbroken intervals just before exam days?They want you to be a nerd.They are capitalizing on the sleeper effect.They know people learn better when using massed practice rather than distributive practice.They know people learn better when using distributed rather than massed practice1 points QUESTION 28Which of the following statements about culture and memory is ACCURATE?Culture affects both the “software” and “hardware” components of memory.Preliterate cultures recall orally presented stories better than literate cultures.Reading a story strongly influences memory in all cultures, regardless of schooling.All of these options are accurate.1 points QUESTION 29What conclusion can be drawn from cross-cultural studies of memory?People in all cultures demonstrate the same memory abilities.Culture provides experiences and strategies that improve memory for culturally relevant information.People in preliterate cultures have fewer memory strategies than people in literate cultures.Many cultures do not consider memory to be an important mental function.1 points QUESTION 30Your vivid memory of what you were doing when you learned about the attack on the World Trade Center is an example of _____.latent learninglong-term potentiationthe encoding specificity principlea flashbulb memory1 points QUESTION 31Kelsey suffers from _____ amnesia because he cannot remember the events that led up to the motorcycle accident that injured his brain.retroactive anterograderetrogradeproactive1 points QUESTION 32Ralph fell through the floor of his tree house and found himself in the hospital. He has no memory of his hospital stay, which suggests he has developed _____ amnesia.proactiveretroactive anterograderetrograde1 points QUESTION 33PET scans of patients with Alzheimer’s disease suggest they have a loss of function in the _____.parietal lobetemporal lobetemporal and parietal lobesentire cerebral cortex1 points QUESTION 34June-bug has Alzheimer’s disease. Which of the following is she MOST likely to forget?why her sisters added the “bug” to her name when they were kids how to shift gears in her Mercedeshow to tie her shoes all of these options1 points QUESTION 35Researchers have demonstrated that it is _____ to create false memories.relatively easymoderately difficult rarely possible never possible1 points QUESTION 36In a study of eyewitness testimony, _____ of the participants who observed a “crime in progress” identified innocent people from a group of mugshots an hour later, and _____ identified innocent people from a lineup a week later.none; 15% none; none 20%; 8%63%; 85%1 points QUESTION 37If you erroneously recall the reading the word “sleep” on a list of words like “"snooze, nap, rest, wake, doze,” you are probably _____.suffering from the sleeper effect experiencing early signs of Alzheimer”s disease constructing a false memoryexperiencing anterograde amnesia1 points QUESTION 38To remember the pathway for vision you imagine yourself walking into your house, noting the cornea peephole in the front door, the entryway fishbowl full of aqueous humor, and a pupil seated in your living room handing you a lens as you enter the dining room where glasses filled with vitreous humor rest on a retinal tablecloth with pictures of rods and cones. This is an example of _____.using acronymsusing peg wordsa psychotic breakdown the method of loci1 points QUESTION 39Which of the following supports the idea that elaborative rehearsal leads to better recall than maintenance rehearsal?People who study words by counting syllables remember than better than people who study by placing words into sentencesPeople who study words by placing them into sentences remember than better than people who study by counting syllablesPeople who study words by rating the pleasantness of their sounds recall them as well as people who study by counting syllablesPeople who study words by rating the pleasantness of their sounds recall them as well as people who place words into sentences1 points QUESTION 40Which of the following persons is using a mental image?Karen is savoring her memory of the chocolate truffle she ate last night.Farique is smugly picturing his new Ferrari.Jamila is mentally reviewing the pitch and timbre of the notes in the new song she rehearsed last night. All of these options1 points QUESTION 41Which of the following supports the principle of encoding specificity?People who study in a depressed mood do better when tested in a good moodPeople who study under the effects of anti-anxiety medication do better when tested under the effects of anti-anxiety medicinePeople who study in a manic state do better when tested in a manic stateBoth b and c1 points QUESTION 42All of the following are examples of concepts EXCEPT _____.toolstreesblueumbrellas1 points QUESTION 43Which are examples of abstract concepts?Honesty, intelligence, loveCars, trucks, motorcyclesBlue, green, redPeople, places, things1 points QUESTION 44For most psychologists, language is a formal _____, whereas the public generally uses fuzzy _____.definition; descriptionsartificial concept; natural conceptsmental image; conceptssuperordinate concept; basic level concepts1 points QUESTION 45In everyday “real” life, most of us use _____ concepts.mentalartificialnaturalformal1 points QUESTION 46Based on most people’s prototype for fruit, which of the following would take longer to classify?An orange An appleGrapes An avocado1 points QUESTION 47When learning a new concept, children are most likely to learn the basic level or _____ first.superordinate categoryprototypesubcategoryhierarchy1 points QUESTION 48When shown a picture of a poodle, most adults will first classify it as _____.an animala dog a mammala highbred1 points QUESTION 49Rosa is shopping in a new supermarket and wants to find a specific type of mustard. Which problem-solving strategy would be most efficient?InstinctHeuristicAlgorithmMental set1 points QUESTION 50CURRENT thinking regarding Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that _____. thought determines languagelanguage determines thought language influences thoughtthought influences language1 points QUESTION 51Which of the following would support a genetic contribution to intelligence?The degree of similarity for IQ scores is the same for identical and fraternal twins
The degree of similarity for IQ scores is the same for identical and fraternal twinsIdentical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twinsNone of the above1 points QUESTION 52Minority schoolchildren perform better on verbal intelligence tests when they are told the test has nothing to do with school compared to when they are told the test is school-related. Which of the following can be concluded?Ethnic and racial differences in intelligence mark different levels of preparedness Intelligence tests are not culturally biasedIntelligence tests are influenced by stereotypes and expectationNone of the above1 points QUESTION 53Which of the following supports Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis?Providing feminine attributes to a child when referred to as HE/SHE compared to HERating a character in a story as more aggressive when referred to as a CHAIRMAN than a CHAIRPERSONJapanese speakers cannot, but English speakers can, discriminate between the /r/ and /l/ distinctionAll of the above1 points QUESTION 54Which of the following supports the idea that people store words in terms of their morphemes?People are faster to respond to GOVERNMENT when it is preceded by another nounPeople are faster to respond to GOVERNMENT when it is preceded by a similar-sounding wordPeople are faster to respond to GOVERNMENT when it is preceded by GOVERNORAll of the above1 points QUESTION 55Studies of speech corpuses show that people are just as likely to produce speech errors involving parts of words, such as “nail the letter” instead of “mail the letter,” as they are to produce errors involving whole words, such as “fax the letter” instead of “mail the letter.” This result suggests that people store language in terms of which building block?PhonemesMorphemesWordsSentences1 points QUESTION 56Research shows that people are faster to verify that SLAP is a word when it is preceded by SLANT compared to when it is preceded by CRAMP. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn?People break words down and store them in terms of their morphemesPeople break words down and store them in terms of their phonemesPeople only use the rules of syntax and not semanticsPeople only use the rules of semantics and not syntax1 points QUESTION 57Research shows that people are faster to verify that SLAP is a word when it is preceded by SLANT compared to when it is preceded by CRAMP. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn?People break words down and store them in terms of their morphemesPeople break words down and store them in terms of their phonemesPeople only use the rules of syntax and not semanticsPeople only use the rules of semantics and not syntax1 points QUESTION 58Which of the following conclusions can be drawn the finding that people are faster to verify that a cocker spaniel is a dog compared to the time it takes to verify that a cocker spaniel is an animal?People store conceptual information in the form of hierarchiesPeople always use algorithms to verify relationshipsPeople always form artificial concepts to verify relationshipsAll of the above1 points QUESTION 59Which of the following would support the idea that people store concepts in terms of prototypes? People are faster to verify that a robin is a birdPeople are faster to verify that ostrich is a bird People are equally fast to verify that robins and ostriches are birdsPeople always form artificial concepts1 points QUESTION 60The stereotype threat affects the IQ scores of which of the following groups?WomenThe elderlyWhite male athletes All of these options1 points QUESTION 61The Flynn Effect refers to the increase in IQ scores over the years, and may be due to _____.better nutritionpeople becoming better test-takers improved public education all of these options1 points QUESTION 62Ethnic group differences in IQ scores can be due to _____. socioeconomic differencescultural biases in IQ tests negative stereotypes about minoritiesall of these options1 points QUESTION 63Current research regarding the origins of intellectual capacity _____.suggests nature and nurture both have an impact, but the amount can’t be determinedsuggests that nature has greater impact than nurturesuggests that nurture has greater impact than naturesuggests that nature and nurture have equal impact1 points QUESTION 64Researchers in the Minnesota study found that genetic factors played _____ role in IQ scores of identical twins reared apart. a moderate a very smalla large no1 points QUESTION 65Brain activity is _____ correlated with intelligence.negatively positively highly not1 points QUESTION 66The brains of more intelligent people use fewer _____ to solve problems than a less efficient brain. parts of the brain neurotransmitters synapses energy or glucose resources1 points QUESTION 67Speed of response is _____ correlated with IQ scores. negativelypositivelyhighlynot1 points QUESTION 68The _____ area in Einstein's brain was 15% larger than the same area in other people. mathematical and spatial (parietal lobe)verbal (temporal lobe) somatosensory all of these options1 points QUESTION 69Compared to human norms, Einstein’s brain was _____. heavierlarger and heavier larger neither larger nor heavier1 points QUESTION 70Which of the following is TRUE of mentally gifted people, compared to people of average intellectual abilities?They have fewer suicides. They have a lower incidence of alcoholism.They have more intellectual opportunities.All of these options are true1 points QUESTION 71People with IQs between 40 and 70 who demonstrate exceptional skill or brilliance in areas such as rapid calculations, art, or musical ability are called _____. savants giftedexceptionalnone of the above1 points QUESTION 72Intellectually gifted people score in the top _____ percent on a standard IQ test.1-2 5 105-101 points QUESTION 73People with an intellectual disability who demonstrate exceptional ability or brilliance in some specific areas are called _____.savantsidiot geniusesmildly retardedconnoisseurs1 points QUESTION 74Only about _____% of the general population have an intellectual disability and, of that number, about _____ are mildly disabled. 2%; 65% 3%; 85%4%; 85%5%; 90%1 points QUESTION 75Intellectual disability applies to an individual with significant deficits in adaptive functioning and a score below _____ on a standard IQ test.a50 60 70801 points QUESTION 76The controversy over IQ tests in the United States is related to problems with _____.standardization reliabilityvalidity norms1 points QUESTION 77If a test is standardized and reliable, what conclusions can you make about its validity?The test is probably valid.The test is probably invalid.The test may be valid for some people, but not for others.You cannot determine validity from reliability or standardization.1 points QUESTION 78If a test is valid, then its scores will be useful in _____.predicting the test-taker’s behavior in a similar situation establishing a standardization curvedetermining a person’s genetic capacity for the behavior that was testedall of these options1 points QUESTION 79This is a measure of a test’s ability to measure what it is designed to measure. ValidityStandardization ReliabilityNormalization1 points QUESTION 80Reliability can be determined using _____.standardization procedures and testing individuals the test-retest and split-half methodspopulation norms and standardization normsall of these options
