“Leadership should be more participative than directive.”—Mary D. PooleDo you agree with this statement? Why?In correctional facilities, how easy or difficult is it for leaders to be participative in their leadership styles?What are the obstacles that stand in the way of participative leaders in prisons?What would be more effective in dealing with a high employee turnover—participative leadership or directive leadership?

Details:Hector is a 35-year-old Hispanic male. Hector was seriously injured in an auto accident 5 months ago. He spent 4 months in the hospital. One leg and hip suffered permanent damage. He will probably always need a cane and walk with a limp. He also has limited mobility in his right arm and shoulder and cannot lift anything heavy. Hector grew up in a family with a construction business. He has been working in construction since high school. Social work at the rehab hospital referred Hector to counseling because he is not adjusting well to his injuries. He is very depressed and angry because he cannot continue to work in his chosen occupation. Hector says, “What use am I now? I am the man in the family. I should be strong. I need to support the family. I don’t want my wife to work. I don’t know what I am going to do to make a living.” Hector still experiences severe pain in his shoulder and his leg. He spends a lot of time watching TV and drinking. At this point, he is not looking for work. His family has reached out to him but he avoids interaction with his siblings and his parents because they remind him of what he no longer can do. He feels shame when he is around family members because of his disability. His relationship with his wife is tense because he is often angry and withdrawn.You are meeting with Hector for the first time and want to get the story.As we meet with a new client we develop some hypotheses to explore, as well as listening to what the client says about himself. Write a 750-1,000-word paper addressing the following:What are some of primary issues that Hector is addressing?What are some of Hector’s feelings?What are Hector’s behaviors and how are these impacting his adjustment?How might Hector’s cultural heritage be impacting his adjustment to his injury?What are some beliefs that may be impacting Hector’s adjustment?How might Hector’s family background be impacting his adjustment?What might be some issues that will need to be addressed in counseling?What are the stages of change the counselor will help Hector through? Provide a brief definition of each stage.What steps can a counselor take to help Hector explore his problems?Consider the following counselor skills: eye contact, closed and open-ended questions, paraphrasing and summarizing, reflection, body language, tone, listening, empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard, interpretation, tracking, reflecting emotion, active presence, structuring sessions, encouragement, questioning and clarifying, counselor self-awareness, tolerating intensity, validating, challenging, multicultural awareness/acceptance, probing and questioning, posture. Pick one skill and discuss how a counselor should use this in their sessions with Hector.Include at three scholarly references in your paper. At least two resources should identify issues that need to be addressed when you are working with someone who is being rehabilitated from a serious injury. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.TEXTBOOK INFOThe Skilled HelperLog IN: lcooper25Password: Richard64Rubric1Unsatisfactory0.00%2Less than Satisfactory74.00%3Satisfactory79.00%4Good87.00%5Excellent100.00%70.0 %Content 10.0 %Primary IssuesDiscussion of the primary issues that Hector is addressing is not present or not discernible to the reader.Discussion of the primary issues that Hector is addressing is incomplete or flawed.Discussion of the primary issues that Hector is addressing is accurate and complete.Discussion of the primary issues that Hector is addressing is thorough and well-reasoned.Discussion of the primary issues that Hector is addressing is thorough and well-reasoned. Information provided is fully supported and rich in detail.10.0 %Feelings and BehaviorsDiscussion of the feelings and behaviors that Hector is expressing that are impacting his adjustment is not present or not discernible to the reader.Discussion of the feelings and behaviors that Hector is expressing that are impacting his adjustment is incomplete or flawed.Discussion of the feelings and behaviors that Hector is expressing that are impacting his adjustment is accurate and complete.Discussion of the feelings and behaviors that Hector is expressing that are impacting his adjustment is thorough and well-reasoned.Discussion of the feelings and behaviors that Hector is expressing that are impacting his adjustment is thorough and well-reasoned. Information provided is fully supported and rich in detail.10.0 %Cultural Heritage and BeliefsDiscussion of the cultural heritage and beliefs that is impacting Hector's adjustment is not present or not discernible to the reader.Discussion of the cultural heritage and beliefs that is impacting Hector's adjustment is incomplete or flawed.Discussion of the cultural heritage and beliefs that is impacting Hector's adjustment is accurate and complete.Discussion of the cultural heritage and beliefs that is impacting Hector's adjustment is thorough and well-reasoned.Discussion of the cultural heritage and beliefs that is impacting Hector's adjustment is thorough and well-reasoned. Information provided is fully supported and rich in detail.5.0 %Family BackgroundDiscussion of Hector's family background that is impacting his adjustment is not present or not discernible to the reader.Discussion of Hector's family background that is impacting his adjustment is incomplete or flawed.Discussion of Hector's family background that is impacting his adjustment is accurate and complete.Discussion of Hector's family background that is impacting his adjustment is thorough and well-reasoned.Discussion of Hector's family background that is impacting his adjustment is thorough and well-reasoned. Information provided is fully supported and rich in detail.5.0 %Issues to Address in CounselingDiscussion of some issues that will need to be addressed with Hector in counseling is not present or not discernible to the reader.Discussion of some issues that will need to be addressed with Hector in counseling is incomplete or flawed.Discussion of some issues that will need to be addressed with Hector in counseling is accurate and complete.Discussion of some issues that will need to be addressed with Hector in counseling is thorough and well-reasoned.Discussion of some issues that will need to be addressed with Hector in counseling is thorough and well-reasoned. Information provided is fully supported and rich in detail.10.0 %Stages of ChangeDiscussion of the stages of change the counselor will help Hector through and a definition of each stage is not present or not discernible to the reader.Discussion of the stages of change the counselor will help Hector through and a definition of each stage is incomplete or flawed.Discussion of the stages of change the counselor will help Hector through and a definition of each stage is accurate and complete.Discussion of the stages of change the counselor will help Hector through and a definition of each stage is thorough and well-reasoned.Discussion of the stages of change the counselor will help Hector through and a definition of each stage is thorough and well-reasoned. Information provided is fully supported and rich in detail.10.0 %Counselor StepsDiscussion of the steps a counselor can take to help Hector explore his problems is not present or not discernible to the reader.Discussion of the steps a counselor can take to help Hector explore his problems is incomplete or flawed.Discussion of the steps a counselor can take to help Hector explore his problems is accurate and complete.Discussion of the steps a counselor can take to help Hector explore his problems is thorough and well-reasoned.Discussion of the steps a counselor can take to help Hector explore his problems is thorough and well-reasoned. Information provided is fully supported and rich in detail.10.0 %Counselor SkillsDiscussion of a counselor skill that a counselor should use in their sessions with Hector is not present or not discernible to the reader.Discussion of counselor skill that a counselor should use in their sessions with Hector is incomplete or flawed.Discussion of counselor skill that a counselor should use in their sessions with Hector is accurate and complete.Discussion of counselor skill that a counselor should use in their sessions with Hector is thorough and well-reasoned.Discussion of counselor skill that a counselor should use in their sessions with Hector is thorough and well-reasoned. Information provided is fully supported and rich in detail.20.0 %Organization and Effectiveness 7.0 %Thesis Development and PurposePaper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or vague; purpose is not clear.Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to purpose.Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development of the paper. It is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive. The essence of the paper is contained within the thesis. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.8.0 %Argument Logic and ConstructionStatement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources.Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility.Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis.Argument shows logical progression. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative.Clear and convincing argument presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative.5.0 %Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are used.Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, and/or word choice are present.Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used.Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used.Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.10.0 %Format 5.0 %Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly.Appropriate template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken. A lack of control with formatting is apparent.Appropriate template is used. Formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.Appropriate template is fully used. There are virtually no errors in formatting style.All format elements are correct.5.0 %Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)Sources are not documented.Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors.Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present.Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct.Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.100 %Total Weightage

Based on your reading in the webtext, select one of the following thesis statements. Your response should be two to three paragraphs long.ANCSA and the Native corporation system have been good for Alaska Natives.ORANCSA and the Native corporation system have been bad for Alaska Natives.Next, revise the statement you have chosen to reflect the complexity of the historical events surrounding this issue. Provide specific examples of how ANCSA and the Native corporation system have had a positive or negative impact—or perhaps both—on Alaska Natives. Further illustrate the complexity of this issue by showing how the passage of ANCSA was contingent on at least three historical events or forces.ANCSA and Native CorporationsALASKA WAS ADMITTED TO THE UNION AS THE 49TH STATE ON JANUARY 3, 1959. UNDER THE TERMS OF THE ALASKA STATEHOOD ACT, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WOULD TRANSFER OWNERSHIP OF UP TO 104.5 MILLION ACRES OF LAND TO THE NEW STATE, BUT NONE OF THIS WOULD BE LAND THAT WAS SUBJECT TO NATIVE CLAIMS. (ALASKA STATEHOOD ACT, 1958. TO READ THE LAW, CLICK HERE. )FORMER ALASKA GOVERNOR WALTER HICKEL. (CLICK BUTTON FOR CITATION) THE LAW GAVE THE STATE 25 YEARS TO SELECT WHICH TRACTS OF LAND IT WANTED. IN THE 1960S, THE STATE BEGAN TO MAKE ITS SELECTIONS—BUT MUCH OF THE LAND IT WANTED WAS SUBJECT TO NATIVE CLAIMS. SEVERAL NATIVE GROUPS FILED LAWSUITS TO STOP THE LAND SELECTIONS, AND THE ALASKA FEDERATION OF NATIVES* (AFN) WAS FOUNDED TO ADVOCATE FOR A FAIR AND COMPREHENSIVE SETTLEMENT TO THE LAND-CLAIM ISSUE. IN RESPONSE, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHUT DOWN THE SELECTION PROCESS AND TOLD THE STATE TO NEGOTIATE AN AGREEMENT WITH THE NATIVES. (JONES, 1981)THE DISCOVERY OF OIL AT PRUDHOE BAY IN 1968 ADDED URGENCY TO THOSE NEGOTIATIONS. WITHOUT A RESOLUTION OF THE NATIVE CLAIMS, IT WOULD NOT BE POSSIBLE TO BUILD THE MASSIVE TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE THAT THE OIL INDUSTRY SAID WAS NEEDED TO CARRY ALASKAN OIL TO MARKETS IN THE LOWER 48*. (NASKE, 1994)THE PRESSURE TO COME TO A QUICK SETTLEMENT IN THE INTEREST OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WAS IN FACT REMINISCENT OF THE PRESSURE TO SEIZE NATIVE LANDS FOLLOWING THE GEORGIA GOLD RUSH IN THE 1830S. IN EACH CASE, THE OPPORTUNITY TO EXTRACT A HIGHLY VALUABLE NATURAL RESOURCE SUDDENLY MADE NATIVE LAND EVEN MORE VALUABLE THAN BEFORE. BUT SEVERAL FACTORS HELPED TO PRODUCE A VERY DIFFERENT OUTCOME FOR THE ALASKA NATIVES:THE NATIVES HAD EFFECTIVE POLITICAL REPRESENTATION, THROUGH THE AFN AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS;U.S. COURTS WERE MORE SYMPATHETIC TO THE ALASKA NATIVES' CLAIMS, RULING IN THEIR FAVOR IN SEVERAL INSTANCES;THE STATE GOVERNMENT WAS WILLING TO SEEK A NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT WITH THE NATIVES;THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT—INCLUDING SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR WALTER HICKEL, A FORMER GOVERNOR OF ALASKA—ALSO FAVORED A NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT; ANDGREATER PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE INJUSTICES DONE TO NATIVES IN THE PAST INCREASED THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PRESSURE TO FIND AN EQUITABLE SETTLEMENT. (JONES, 1981)AFTER PROTRACTED NEGOTIATIONS, ALASKAN OFFICIALS AND THE AFN REACHED AN AGREEMENT IN PRINCIPLE: NATIVES WOULD RECEIVE LAND THAT THEY HAD HISTORICALLY USED AND DROP THEIR CLAIMS TO ANY OTHER LAND IN THE STATE IN RETURN FOR A CASH SETTLEMENT. THE EXACT TERMS OF THAT AGREEMENT WOULD BE FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO DECIDE AND—AFTER INITIALLY OFFERING THE NATIVES FAR LESS THAN THEY WANTED, IN TERMS OF LAND AND CASH—CONGRESS AND PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON EVENTUALLY AGREED TO A HISTORIC DEAL.A MAP OF THE ORIGINAL 12 ALASKA NATIVE REGIONAL CORPORATIONS. A 13TH REGIONAL CORPORATION WAS ESTABLISHED LATER. (CLICK MAP TO ENLARGE) (CLICK BUTTON FOR CITATION) ON DECEMBER 18, 1971, PRESIDENT NIXON SIGNED INTO LAW THE ALASKA NATIVE CLAIMS SETTLEMENT ACT (ANCSA*), WHICH AT THE TIME WAS THE LARGEST LAND CLAIM SETTLEMENT IN AMERICAN HISTORY.IN RETURN FOR LETTING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT "EXTINGUISH" THEIR CLAIMS TO MOST ALASKAN LAND, NATIVES RECEIVED 44 MILLION ACRES AND A CASH PAYMENT OF $962.5 MILLION. THE 44 MILLION ACRES WAS ONE-NINTH OF THE TOTAL AREA OF THE STATE OF ALASKA; THE MONETARY SETTLEMENT REPRESENTED A DIRECT PAYMENT OF $462.5 MILLION FROM THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND ANOTHER $500 MILLION TO BE PAID OVER TIME FROM STATE OIL REVENUES. (ANCSA, 1971)EVEN MORE HISTORIC THAN THE SIZE OF THE ANCSA SETTLEMENT WAS THE WAY IT WAS STRUCTURED—A RADICAL DEPARTURE FROM THE TRADITIONAL MODEL OF NATIVE RESERVATIONS IN THE LOWER 48, IN WHICH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HOLDS NATIVE LANDS IN TRUST. INSTEAD OF ESTABLISHING RESERVATIONS ANCSA SET UP A SYSTEM OF NATIVE CORPORATIONS* TO ADMINISTER THE LAND AND INVEST THE MONETARY SETTLEMENT FOR THE BENEFIT OF NATIVES. (THOMAS, 1986)THE LAW SET UP 12 REGIONAL CORPORATIONS, EACH ASSOCIATED WITH A PARTICULAR PART OF THE STATE AND THE NATIVES WHO TRADITIONALLY LIVED THERE. ALL NATIVES WHO WERE ALIVE IN 1971 COULD ENROLL IN ONE OF THE CORPORATIONS, AND EACH RECEIVED 100 SHARES OF STOCK IN THE CORPORATION IN WHICH THEY ENROLLED. (A 13TH CORPORATION WAS ESTABLISHED LATER, FOR NATIVES WHO WERE NOT LIVING IN ALASKA IN 1971). THE LAW ALSO ESTABLISHED MORE THAN 200 LOCAL OR "VILLAGE" CORPORATIONS, IN WHICH NATIVES COULD ALSO ENROLL AND RECEIVE SHARES OF STOCK. THE CORPORATIONS WERE GIVEN FREE REIN TO USE THE LAND AND ANY MINERAL OR OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES IT MIGHT HOLD TO DEVELOP FOR-PROFIT BUSINESSES AND TO PAY NATIVE SHAREHOLDERS A YEARLY DIVIDEND BASED ON THOSE PROFITS.THE CORPORATION STRUCTURE WAS THE BRAINCHILD OF THE AFN, WHICH SAW THIS PROPOSAL AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO EXTEND "THE TRANSFORMATIONAL POWER OF CAPITALISM...TO ALASKA NATIVES," WHILE ALSO PRESERVING THE LAND AND CASH SETTLEMENT SO THAT IT COULD BENEFIT FUTURE GENERATIONS. (LINXWILER, 2007)A TLINGIT TOTEM POLE IN SITKA, ALASKA. CLICK ON THE IMAGE TO GO TO THE SMITHSONIAN'S ALASKA NATIVE COLLECTIONS. (CLICK BUTTON FOR CITATION) ANCSA WAS GENERALLY WELL-RECEIVED IN ALASKA BY BOTH NATIVES AND NON-NATIVES. AFTER YEARS OF LEGAL WRANGLING OVER EXACTLY WHO WAS ENTITLED TO NATIVE CORPORATION SHARES, MANY OF THOSE CORPORATIONS HAVE GROWN INTO SUCCESSFUL BUSINESSES THAT GENERATE SUBSTANTIAL DIVIDENDS AND PROVIDE THOUSANDS OF JOBS FOR NATIVE SHAREHOLDERS. AND, BY REMOVING ONE CRITICAL BARRIER TO CONSTRUCTION OF THE TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE, ANCSA PAVED THE WAY FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THE STATE'S "OIL ECONOMY," WHICH HAS GENERATED SUBSTANTIAL ECONOMIC BENEFITS FOR BOTH NATIVES AND NON-NATIVES. (ALASKA HUMANITIES FORUM, 2016)ONE UNIQUE ASPECT OF ALASKA'S "OIL ECONOMY" IS THE ALASKA PERMANENT FUND, A STATE FUND THAT COLLECTS 25 PERCENT OF ALL OIL-LAND ROYALTIES AND INVESTS THOSE FUNDS FOR THE BENEFIT OF ALL ALASKANS. THE FUND, WHICH IN 2015 AMOUNTED TO MORE THAN $51 BILLION, PAYS A YEARLY DIVIDEND TO EVERY QUALIFIED ALASKAN; IN 2015, THAT MEANT A DIVIDEND CHECK OF $2,072 FOR VIRTUALLY EVERY MAN, WOMAN, AND CHILD IN THE STATE. (KLINT AND DOOGAN, 2015) BY ENABLING CONSTRUCTION OF THE TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE, ANCSA IN A VERY REAL SENSE MADE THE PERMANENT FUND, AND ITS YEARLY DIVIDEND CHECKS, POSSIBLE.STILL, THE LAW REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL, ESPECIALLY AMONG NATIVES WHO BELIEVE IT WEAKENS TIES TO NATIVE HERITAGE. (THOMAS, 1985) ALMOST A HALF-CENTURY AFTER ITS PASSAGE, THE JURY IS STILL OUT ON WHETHER ANCSA WAS A "GOOD DEAL" OR A "RAW DEAL" FOR NATIVES. BUT IT IS, IN ALMOST EVERY RESPECT, A VERY DIFFERENT SORT OF DEAL THAN THAT RECEIVED BY ANY OTHER GROUP OF NATIVES IN AMERICAN HISTORY.NATIVE CORPORATIONS : FURTHER READINGSSo, what's the bottom line—has ANCSA been a success or a failure? Have the Native corporations benefited the Native community, or not?If you look only at the bottom line—that is, just at the economic performance of the Native corporations themselves—it's fair to say that, after a rocky start, many of the regional corporations have done fairly well. In 2004, seven of the top ten Alaska-owned business were Native regional corporations, which distributed $117.5 million in shareholder dividends, employed 3,116 Native shareholders, and paid $5.4 million in scholarships for Native students, (Linxwiler, 2007)Like much of the oil-dependent Alaska economy, the regional corporations are highly sensitive to fluctuations in the price of oil, and their performance in any given year will reflect whether the oil business is doing well or poorly. Nonetheless, many of these corporations have matured as businesses and are providing significant economic benefits for their Native shareholders.The economic performance of the village corporations has been spottier. Many of the village corporations were located in remote rural areas with extremely limited opportunities for economic development. While some village corporations—particularly those in more densely populated areas with easy access to outside markets—have fared well, others have been force to merge or have gone out of business. (Thomas, 1985)But is economic performance all that really matters? While ANCSA was designed only to provide Alaska Natives with opportunities for economic development, many Natives saw the corporation system as a substitute for—or a rival to—the traditional structures of tribal government. Among Alaska Natives, tribes are generally associated with individual villages (American Indian Resource Directory, 2016); many of the successful village corporations have established nonprofit agencies to provide health care and other social services to Native shareholders. At the same time, the pressure to turn a profit led many corporations, both regional and village, to bring in outside executives to run the businesses—bypassing tribal leaders and Elders, who have traditionally had a revered place in Alaska Native society.In recent years, many Natives have questioned the extent to which the corporation system might be supplanting some tribal structures and weakening ties to Native heritage. In some areas, tribal government has seen a resurgence in importance.The readings in this learning block look at two sides of the ANCSA question: the economic performance of the Native corporations and their relationship to the Native heritage and tribal structures. Both articles are taken from the same academic journal: Journal of Land, Resources, and Environmental Law, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Winter, 2005).Select a list item tab, press enter, then search down for text. When you hear End of tab content, go back to the next list item to access the next list item tab."Our Lives Are Not Measured in Dollars"Economic Performance of the Regional CorporationsANCSA UNREALIZED: OUR LIVES ARE NOT MEASURED IN DOLLARSThe following excerpt is from an article by James Allaway, a professor and expert on sustainable economic development, and Byron Mallett, former president of the Alaska Federation of Natives and former CEO of Sealaska, one of the larger Native regional corporations. You can read it at this link, which will take you to the Journal of Land, Resources, and Environmental Law; you can find this specific article in the Table of Contents on the left side of the page. Click on the title of the article to read, download, and print a copy of the text. These readings are provided by the Shapiro Library. This reading is required. You will have to log into Shapiro Library with your SNHU credentials.One of the legacies of ANCSA's short history is the confusion it has caused, including confusion over governing structures. Certainly in Southeast Alaska we have known that clans, family, and family relationships were critical in the conduct of our affairs. I think this was the case all across the state.Existing traditional governing groups, with their relationships and structures, did not go away with ANCSA. In fact, especially in the last decade, there has been a resurgence of those institutions. The resurgence has been felt and seen all across the state, particularly because there was a universal sense that ANCSA, and other efforts that deal with our circumstances, were not getting at the core of what we needed.It is crucial that there is a place for traditional tribal governmental structures. I think the emergence of tribes in recent years is not so much about governmental structures, but is a reassertion that we will take hold of our own lives. We will be responsible for our destinies, which is a powerful ideal. It also places a profound obligation on Native people.There is a vital place for Elders here. We cannot know the past and have a sense of values, we cannot have a sense of place or purpose, without Elders. Elders are an important part of the spiritual path. They carry the fire. We do not need to institutionalize the role of Elders, other than to sustain them materially. If we do, they will sustain us spiritually.