Lab report and must have the sensors to check heart rate to do this lab. Effect of Coughing on Heart RateInvoluntary coughing is the result of irritation of special sensory nerves in the respiratory tract. This helps to clear potentially damaging substances from the lungs (water, foreign bodies, dust, infection, mucous, etc.). Coughing can be more deleterious than helpful, causing discomfort, preventing sleep, or leading, in some cases, to dizziness or loss of consciousness (known as cough syncope).The physiologic effects resulting from a cough are numerous. There is marked increase in intrathoracic pressure just prior to expulsion of air. When blood pressure is normal, this leads to a decrease in venous return to the right side of the heart and a decrease in cardiac output. On the other hand, a cough-induced increase in intrathoracic pressure may provide a form of “internal cardiopulmonary resuscitation” in a heart attack victim whose blood pressure is falling dangerously low. In this case, coughing can be as effective as the external chest compressions of CPR in raising blood pressure and providing better blood circulation to vital tissues. Coughing, and the resulting wide fluctuations in intrathoracic pressure it produces, causes reflex stimulation of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is an “activating system,” preparing the body for a “flight or fight response” by increasing heart rate and blood pressure. The parasympathetic nervous system acts through the vagus nerve to slow the heart and to lower blood pressure. Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems may be stimulated or inhibited by physiologic stimuli or medications. The following table shows potential heart rate response to stimulation or inhibition of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems:Branch of Autonomic Nervous SystemHeart Rate Response toStimulation InhibitionSympathetic ↑ ↓Parasympathetic ↓ ↑In this experiment, you will observe the response of heart rate to coughing, and correlate this response to activity in the autonomic nervous systems. Important: Do not attempt this experiment if you suffer from asthma or any condition that may be aggravated by repeated coughingDATA ANALYSIS FOR LAB REPORT1. In what direction did your heart rate change in this experiment? According to the table in the Introduction, what are the possible explanations for this change?2. There are medications that can selectively block the action of either sympathetic or parasympathetic influences on the heart. How could such medications be used to determine which of these systems is responsible for a change in heart rate such as was seen in this experiment?3. Compare the response and recovery times recorded in Table 1. List possible survival advantages of the differences you see.4. The parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve supplies are severed during heart transplantation and are not surgically repaired. Would a heart transplant recipient’s heart rate change with coughing (or with a severe fright)?5. You are in a remote location and a member of your party complains of chest pain and dizziness. You find that his pulse is 35 bpm. You immediately call 911 and are told that it will take 15 minutes for the helicopter to arrive. You know that CPR should not be performed on conscious individuals. Drawing from the knowledge you have gained from this experiment, what might be done to improve your patient’s pulse and blood pressure?6. Perform the experiment with different coughing frequencies and intensities.

All Students must answer question #1. From the remaining 4 questions, choose 1 additional question and answer that question. It is suggested to use textbook or course reading documents to support your claims. Be sure to cite sources where appropriate.Questions:Describe three factors that help to influence our nation's focus on natural or man-made disasters.What issues have been raised concerning some of the authorities granted to government agencies in the PATRIOT Act? How have those issues been addressed?Should FEMA fall under DHS, or should it be its own cabinet level organization? Why?Define Mitigation and Preparedness. Compare and contrast the ideas of each, and give examples to highlight your statements.Compare and contrast two natural disasters. Provide examples on how they are similar and different regarding early detection, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.