LEARN MORE...

Evolution Final Review Questions

Content type

User Generated

Subject

Science

Type

Worksheet

Uploaded By

ubhls0806

Pages

Showing Page:

1/13

Final Review 6/10/2014 9:33:00 PM

Evolution: a change in the genome of a population of organisms over generations

• Mechanisms

o Natural selection – 3 tenets

▪ Variability in a trait across a population

▪ Heritability of the trait

▪ Differential reproductive success

o Sexual selection – same 3 tenets but sexual selection operates on traits that

increase the likelihood of reproducing as opposed to surviving

▪ Intrasexual selection: competition between members of the same sex

for access to mates

▪ Intersexual selection: choosing a mate

o Gene flow – the passive movement of genetic material from one population

to another, e.g. gene flow from the old world to the new world

o Mutation

▪ Typically occur as an error in DNA replication

▪ Vast majority are unsuccessful

o Founder’s effect – occurs as a result of genetic separation/isolation of

populations

▪ Physically and culturally separated from other gene pools, something

that was overrepresented in the original gene pool may become

common)

• Speciation

o Biological species concept: a group of reproductively isolated (through

behavior and habitat) organisms that produce reproductively viable offspring

▪ Behavior – two animals that hate each other are very unlikely to

create a hybrid (wolves and coyotes), zebra-horse hybrid, humanzee

▪ Habitat – formation of new environments; craters, rivers, mountain

ranges, etc.

 Ngorongoro crater, Tanzania – lions have developed a short

spiky mane

 Great apes – chimps and bonobos in sub-Saharan Africa – the

Zaire river likely became impassable, physically separating two

populations of chimps that turned into two species

o Processes of speciation

Showing Page:

2/13

▪ Allopatric: you have an original population and some barrier

separates it into two populations, go in their separate evolutionary

directions, become so distinct that they won’t breed

 Reproductive isolation

▪ Parapatric: one segment of a population enters a new niche (e.g.

becomes nocturnal), niche now separates them and they only breed

with each other

▪ Sympatric: some polymorphism or change in phenotype shows up in a

population (outlier, mutation in hair color, speed, etc.), within that

subset of the population they find they have an advantage and

reproduce with each other eventually becoming overrepresented

 One part of the population is still selecting for the old trait, the

other part is selecting for the new trait

o Niche – the relative position of a population within a particular ecosystem

▪ Reproductive isolation through behavior and habitat are the

foundation of niche separation; populations become somewhat

independent of each other

▪ Variations allow for there to be so many different species in an area,

exploiting resources, location, etc.

o Adaptive radiation – the evolution of a single ancestral species into a

diversity of species that each occupy a unique niche in an ecosystem

o Island biogeography – the study of how species evolve in restricted, isolated

habitats

▪ Islands are associated with intense selection pressures due to

restricted ecosystem and limited gene pool

o The cognitive niche – the evolution of a species’ niche includes its cognition

▪ Diet, activity time, sociality, mode of locomotion, social cognition

o Human speciation occurred over a short window

▪ Radical diet change, cooking, changes to teeth, gut, brain

Ethological Analysis

• Function – utility, impact on survival

• Phylogeny – other species demonstrating the behavior and genetic relationships to

those species

o Derived vs. shared ancestry

• Mechanism – processes underlying execution of the behavior

• Ontogeny – development of the behavior

Showing Page:

3/13

End of Preview - Want to read all 13 pages?

Access Now

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Final Review 6/10/2014 9:33:00 PM Evolution: a change in the genome of a population of organisms over generations • Mechanisms o Natural selection – 3 tenets ▪ Variability in a trait across a population ▪ Heritability of the trait ▪ Differential reproductive success o Sexual selection – same 3 tenets but sexual selection operates on traits that increase the likelihood of reproducing as opposed to surviving ▪ Intrasexual selection: competition between members of the same sex for access to mates ▪ Intersexual selection: choosing a mate o Gene flow – the passive movement of genetic material from one population to another, e.g. gene flow from the old world to the new world o Mutation ▪ Typically occur as an error in DNA replication ▪ Vast majority are unsuccessful o Founder’s effect – occurs as a result of genetic separation/isolation of populations ▪ Physically and culturally separated from other gene pools, something that was overrepresented in the original gene pool may become common) • Speciation o Biological species concept: a group of reproductively isolated (through behavior and habitat) organisms that produce reproductively viable offspring ▪ Behavior – two animals that hate each other are very unlikely to create a hybrid (wolves and coyotes), zebra-horse hybrid, humanzee ▪ Habitat – formation of new environments; craters, rivers, mountain ranges, etc.   Ngorongoro crater, Tanzania – lions have developed a short spiky ma ...
Purchase document to see full attachment

Tags: NATURAL SELECTION SEXUAL SELECTION Gene Flow Processes of speciation Adaptive Radiation