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Internet Protocol Questions

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Momin Qureshi
17L-4011
Assignment- 3
Question- 1
Part-1
IPv6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol, it is the successor of IPv4.
The IP address of IPV4 has 32 bits while IPv6 has an IP address of 128 bits. So, IPv6
allows 2
128
addresses moreover it permits hierarchical address allocation methods.
The 128 bits of an IPv6 address are represented in 8 groups of 16 bits each. Each
group is written as four hexadecimal digits and the groups are separated by colons
(:).
An example of this representation is 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329.
This address can be shortened.
Removing leading zeros: 2001:db8:0:0:0:ff00:42:8329.
Removing consecutive group of zeroes (Final Address): 2001:db8::ff00:42:8329.
Global Unicast Addressing
These are publicly routable addresses that can be used in the Internet or any public
domain. They are reachable in the IPv6 internet.
Global unicast address starts with a prefix (3-bit) that is 2000::/3. The next part is the
Global Id(48-bit) and the next 16 bits are the Subnet Id. The last part of the address
is the Interface Id (64-bit) which is composed of the MAC address of the interface it
is used to identify interfaces on a link it must be unique.
Local Unicast Addressing

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Local Unicast Address is a globally unique address used for local communication.
Local Unicast Addresses are not intended to be recognized globally instead they are
meant to work in a limited area or environment.
Local Unicast Addresses are IPv6 addresses with address range of FC00::/7. So,
local unicast addressing consists of 7 bits in the left most part after that a 41 bits
long global Id comes next 16 bits are for the subnetting part and as the last part it
contains an interface Id which is 64 bits long.
Link Local Addressing Link Local Addressing
Link local addressing is used only to communicate with devices on the same local
link. Local Link addresses are not routable and are not used in public domain such
as the Internet. A link-local address is an IPv6 unicast address that can be
automatically configured on any interface using the link-local prefix FE80::/10 (1111
1110 10). Link-local addresses can also be manually configured in the FE80::/10
format using the ipv6 address link-local command.
Left most 10 bits of Link Local Address is fixed to FRD0 the next 54 bits are always 0
because that subnet id of Link Local Addresses is always 0 and last 64 bits are
interface identifier.
Part-2
Unlike IPv4, IPsec security is mandated in the IPv6 protocol specification, allowing
IPv6 packet authentication and/or payload encryption via the Extension Headers.
IPsec is not automatically enforced however, it must be arranged and utilized in an
exchange of security keys.
IPv6 Packet Encryption
IPsec defines cryptography-based security for both IPv4 and IPv6 in RFC 4301.
IPsec support is an optional add-on in IPv4, but is a mandatory part of IPv6. It
provides two security headers which can be used separately or together:
Authentication Header

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Momin Qureshi 17L-4011 Assignment- 3 Question- 1 Part-1 IPv6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol, it is the successor of IPv4. The IP address of IPV4 has 32 bits while IPv6 has an IP address of 128 bits. So, IPv6 allows 2128 addresses moreover it permits hierarchical address allocation methods. The 128 bits of an IPv6 address are represented in 8 groups of 16 bits each. Each group is written as four hexadecimal digits and the groups are separated by colons (:). An example of this representation is 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329. This address can be shortened. Removing leading zeros: 2001:db8:0:0:0:ff00:42:8329. Removing consecutive group of zeroes (Final Address): 2001:db8::ff00:42:8329. Global Unicast Addressing These are publicly routable addresses that can be used in the Internet or any public domain. They are reachable in the IPv6 internet. Global unicast address starts with a prefix (3-bit) that is 2000::/3. The next part is the Global Id(48-bit) and the next 16 bits are the Subnet Id. The last part of the address is the Interface Id (64-bit) which is composed of the MAC address of the interface it is used to identify interfaces on a link it must be unique. Local Unicast Addressing Local Unicast Address is a globally unique address used for local communication. Local Unicast Addresses are not intended to be recognized globally instead they are meant to work in a limited area or environment. Local Unicast Addresses are IPv6 addresses with addr ...
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