As large data-sets become more important to both consumer and business publishing, many businesses are experimenting with new ways to visualise data and help it to tell a story. And publishers that get it right – like the New York Times (see above image), Guardian or Wired – win awards, social media kudos and new readers. But what exactly is involved in the new discipline of data visualisation and what skills do publishers have to nurture, whatever the size of their team?  Andy Kirk, of Visualising data, believes that data visualisation is a mixture of art and science, creativity, analysis and project management. He sees 8 “hats” in the data visualisation process, which can either be worn by different members of a team, or can be deliberate mindsets adopted by a solo professional.  Understanding how each contributes to the finished product is perhaps the key to creating great data visualisation designs… Think about the role you played in creating a presentation or working on a project using data visualizations. Choose two of the 8 hats and explain your roles (in relation to these hats) in creating the presentation or finishing the project. References: At least two peer-reviewed, scholarly journal references. Text book :Kirk, A. (2016). Data Visualisation: A Handbook for Data Driven Design. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-4739-1214-4

______________________________________________________________________________ Virus constitute all the threats to information. By protecting against virus, we keep information safe.: True/False justify your answerWhat is not a weakness of a shift cipher? Natural language letter frequency makes them easy to decode. The number of letters in the alphabet makes them easy to decodeOnce you have the code book you can decode the message instantly Once the shift is determined the message is decoded.What is the basis of the modern cryptography? _________________A _______________ requires that the cipher alphabet changes throughout the encryption process.one of the Network threats isHistorically, the major driving force for advances in cryptography has been __________Risk is __.The trustworthiness of a system is diminished because of.The _______ controls the action of the algorithm.What has become a major web problem with respect to security? Reason: the laws of mathematics manipulation of datacreating disguises for information none of the above Reason: monoalphabetic substitution cipherpolyalphabetic substitution cipherquantum cipheralphanumeric shift cipher Reason: _ buffer overflowslowing the computerdenial of service computer lock up How does it happen: _ protecting business assetsthe need for individual privacywarskeeping diplomatic conversations secret a weakness in the systema circumstance that may cause loss or is possible dangera vulnerability that can be exploited Nothing to worry about Reason: _ exposure to risks high demand for keysdecrease in confidencebad weather Reason: _ The receiver the length of the plain textcipher textkey Reason: scripting errors mapping attackson-line surveysuser ignorance(3 pts) If this message is sent unencrypted and successfully received, what is its entropy? And why?(3 pts) If this message is encrypted with DES using a random 56-bit key, what is the encrypted message’s entropy?And why Reason: _ ______________________________________________________________________________ Q1a Complete the following Truth Table: F denotes false and T denotes true A B C=A or B D= A xor B E= A and B F F F T T T T F Q1b In the following Θ denotes one of the following operators: ’or’, ‘xor’ or ‘and’. Input1 Θ input2 = Result where, input1 and, Inpuut2 arein columns ‘A’ and ‘B’ and Results are in columns C, D, or E from the above table. Which operation will yield? (what is Θ?) input1 Θ result = input 2 input2 Θ result = input 1 Please show proof for one, or disprove other two Hint: Check Input1 OR result = Input2? Input2 OR result = Input1?For results C, D and E, and inputs A and B Repeat replacing OR with AND, and XOR As soon as the given operator is not valid for an operation go to the next operator. Please show proof. Without proof you will get partial credit only Q2 Using the English alphabet (i.e., mod 26 arithmetic) let plaintext = {p1, p2, pn,} and corresponding cipher text = {c1, c2, cn}. {start A as 1, B as 2 and so on} Suppose the encryption function is ci = (pi + 5) (mod 26). You receive the cipher text message ZRZH NX STB HFQQJI ZRLH What type of cipher is this? What is the decryption function, and the decrypted/recovered plaintext, (insert spaces to make readable)? Show each and every steps. Q3You are Alice. You have agreed with your friend Bob that you will use the Diffie-Hellman public-key algorithm to exchange secret keys. You and Bob have agreed to use the public base g = 11 and public modulus p = 733 . You have secretly picked the value SA = 19 You begin the session by sending Bob your calculated value of TA. Bob responds by sending you the value TB = 516. Sb=? What is the value of TA What is the value of your shared secret key? Can you guess Bob’s secret value SB and what it would be? Show each step of your calculations, if you use Excel for mod calculation include the spreadsheet, for any other method include the screenshot of that method [without the spreadsheet or screenshot, you will not get the full credit] for mod calculation, the following identity may be useful mod(X*Y,p) = mod[mod(X,p)*mod(Y,p),p] mod ( X^n, p) = mod [mod(X^k, p)*mod(X^m, p), p]; where k+m=n e.g. mod (X^17, 733) = mod [mod (X^8, 733) *mod (X^9, 733), 733]; where 8+9=17 Q4Bob believes that he has come up with a nifty hash function. He assigns a numeric value VChar to each letter in the alphabet equal to the letter’s position in the alphabet, i.e., VA = 1, VB = 2, …, VZ = 26. For a message, he calculates the hash value H = (VChar 1 x VChar 2 x VChar 3 …x VChar N) mod (26). Bob uses this function to send a one-word message, “PLANET” to his supervisor Bill, along with his calculated hash value for the message. Alice is able to intercept the message and generates an alternative message that has a hash value that collides with Bob’s original hash value. Give definition and properties of the hash function. Show a message that Alice may have used to spoof Bob’s message and demonstrate that its hash value collides with Bob’s original hash. Q5Consider the following plaintext message: WE HAVEN’T CONQUERED THE CORONAVIRUS. ______________________________________________________________________________ Part III Essay Question:Length: 800- 900 words.Use APA format for in-line citations and references.(30 pts.) Compare and contrast symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms. Your response should include a brief overview of the cryptographic basis for each type of algorithm, and a comparison of their strengths and vulnerabilities. [20 pts]Describe how a hacker might go about cracking a message encrypted with each type of algorithm. [6 pts] Suggest a specific application for each type of algorithm (symmetric and asymmetric) where the advantages clearly outweigh the disadvantages. [4 pts]Remember to address all points