As you study criminal justice, it is imperative to examine the various responses to crime through history. Traditionally, responses were focused on current issues without connecting the historical relationship between groups, institutions, cultures, and governmental ideologies. Understanding the historical context of contemporary criminal justice responses is critical. Provide the type of crime you selected. Then explain one ancient governmental response and one contemporary governmental response to that crime. As can be found in this week’s readings, crime is responded to from the relative cultural reality of that time period. Provide an example to illustrate your points. Describe the commonalities and the differences in these responses. Explain whether or not you consider either response effective and why. Finally, explain whether international responses to crime have helped shape the governmental response to crime where you live. If so, explain how. Provide an example and select an article to support your response.Optional ResourcesDepartment of Criminal Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago. (2000). Online Resources.Retrieved from http://www.uic.edu/depts/cjus/resources.html#4

Upon completion of the Required Readings, write a thorough, well-planned narrative answer to the following discussion question.Rely on your Required Readings and the Lecture and Research Update for specific information to answer the discussion question, but turn to your original thoughts when asked to apply, evaluate, analyze, or synthesize the information. Your Discussion Question response should be both grammatically and mechanically correct, and formatted in the same fashion as the question itself. If there is a Part A, your response should identify a Part A, etc. In addition, you must appropriately cite all resources used in your responses and document in a bibliography using APA style. Discussion Question 2 (50 points) Evaluate this statement: The First Amendment protected all kinds of speech equally. (50 points)(A 2-page response is required.) Then provide two examples of the U.S. Supreme Court’s position on freedom of speech as that right pertains to businesses..

What is one of the weakness of the Cultural Relativist argument.a.It does not account for social valuesb.It makes all social values morally equivalent.c.It is based on a belief in God.d.It does not allow for tolerance.2 points QUESTION 2According to the Social Contract theory, 'Reciprocity' is defined as:a.The rules that rational self-interested people will accept only if they benefit the minority. b.The virtues we need to cultivate a just societyc.The rules that rational self-interested people will accept only on the condition that others accept them as well.d.none of the above2 points QUESTION 3According to Hobbes, the reason we usually obey the law and moral rules is because: a.the steady commitment to act only out of duty.b.the happiness of the common good.c.it is in our rational self-interest. d.moderation and balance.2 points QUESTION 4One of the major strengths of the Social Contract theory is:a.justifies human feelings about right and wrong. b.All of the above.c.justifies civil disobedience.d.justifies the content of basic moral rules.2 points QUESTION 5One of the strengths of the Cultural Relativists argument is ______________________________________________ a.it promotes selfishnessb.promotes tolerance c.it tells us that certain cultures are superior to other cultures d.provides clear criteria for determining right from wrong 2 points QUESTION 6What are the two minimal requirements for a sound Ethical theory?a.Impartiality and feelingsb.Values and normsc.Impartiality and Rational consistencyd.Rational consistency and happiness2 points QUESTION 7According to Hobbes, moral rules are 'right' if they ____________________________________. a.secure fair terms of social cooperation.b.None of the above.c.justify inequality among social classes. d.promote the will of God.2 points QUESTION 8The creator of the Social Contract theory of Ethics is:a.Aristotleb.Thomas Hobbesc.Thomas Aquinasd.David Hume2 points QUESTION 9Hume argues that we can derive an “ought”/moral value from an “is”/fact.a.Falseb.True2 points QUESTION 10The word moral comes from a Latin root meaning custom, manner, or conduct.a.Trueb.False2 points QUESTION 11Complete the following syllogism:1) All philosophy professors watch Seinfeld2) John is a philosophy professorTherefore______________________________________a.John watches TCMb.John watches Seinfeldc.Seinfeld is a philosophy professor.d.John is a philosophy professor.2 points QUESTION 12For the Subjectivists, morality is a matter of _____________and not _____________________.a.Cultural norms and not feelingsb.Feelings and not facts.c.Facts and not feelingsd.Consequences and not motives2 points QUESTION 13The English word "Ethics" derives from Greek roots meaning __________.a.love of wisdomb.none of thesec.wise persond.ethos-social custom2 points QUESTION 14The belief that values reflect the preferences and customs of a given culture is known asa.moral relativismb.individual relativismc.preferential relativismd.cultural relativism2 points QUESTION 15What is the name of the professor who is teaching this on-line Ethics class?a.John S. Millb.Petar Drakulichc.John Fruncillod.John Finnis 2 points QUESTION 16Ethical questions are questions that:a.concern the nature of a good lifeb.concern the meaning of lifec.concern the nature of justice, good/evil and right and wrongd.all the abovee.none of the above2 points QUESTION 17One weakness of the Ethical Subjectivist argument is:a.ignores God's willb.based on factsc.cannot resolve disagreementsd.none of the above2 points QUESTION 18According to Hobbes, human nature is _____________________ and ___________________________.a.fallible and sinful. b.self-interested and irrational.c.free and benevolent.d.self-interested and rational.2 points QUESTION 19According to the Social Contract theory, when Gandhi practiced civilDisobedience, he was morally a)_______________ because the British laws violated thecondition of b)______________________________ against the Hindi people.a.a) right b) compassionb.a) wrong b) legal statuesc.a) right b) principle of reciprocityd.a) wrong b) principle of reciprocity2 points QUESTION 20What is one of the strengths of the Divine Command theory? a.It provides objective criteria for determining 'right' from 'wrong'b.It provides subjective criteria for deciding what is 'right' and 'wrong'c.It claims that God's will is mysterious and unknowabled.It is socially useful for the faithful of each religious tradition2 points QUESTION 21According to Thomas Aquinas and the theory of Natural law, moral rules are derived from:a.our conscienceb.superstitionc.Laws of natured.shared opinion's2 points QUESTION 22According to Hume, the true basis of morality is found in:a.Sympathy b.Factsc.Reason d.Religion2 points QUESTION 23According to Ethical Subjectivism, so long as we sincerely report our feelings we must always bemorally _________________, even if our statement is based on ignorance or hatred.a.wrongb.none of the abovec.flexibled.Right2 points QUESTION 24According to Hobbes, the state of nature is characterized as ______________________________________.a.occupied by noble savages who live in relative isolation from each other b.peaceful but lacking laws to protect our rights c.a war of all against alld.a place of moral virtue2 points QUESTION 25 Hume argues that we praise benevolent acts because they are:a.conceptual truthsb.socially usefulc.empirical truthsd.pleasing to God2 points QUESTION 26According to Cultural Relativism, a moral standard is true if:a.none of the aboveb.All cultures are committed to it.c.A society is committed to it.d.no culture believes it.2 points QUESTION 27What is one strength of the Cultural Relativist argument?a.It encourages us to regard our moral values as superior to other cultures.b.It provides universal standards for deciding what is right and wrongc.It allows us to rationally settle moral disagreements.d.It promotes tolerance2 points QUESTION 28Which Ethical theory states that moral values are not the creation of humans, but the creation of God?a.Subjectivismb.Divine Commandc.Cultural Relativismd.Ethical egoism2 points QUESTION 29What is one of the weaknesses of the Divine command theory?a.Cannot solve moral disagreementsb.The worlds religions give contradictory messages about God's willc.Provides objective moral standards for deciding right from wrong.d.None of the above2 points QUESTION 30According to Hobbes, all humans are naturally ____________________________.a.motivated to act for the common good.b.self-interested.c.compassionate and kind.d.sinful.2 points QUESTION 31If an Ethical argument has 4 premises and 2 conclusions can it be a logically valid Argument? a.Nob.yes2 points QUESTION 32 The weaknesses of the Divine Command theory are _________________________________________.a.God may not existb.All of the above c.God has communicated his message in contradictory ways through the various faith traditionsd.God's will seems arbitrary and lacking in reasons. 2 points QUESTION 33According to the Social Contract theory of morality, moral rules exist to: a.promote social conflict.b.provide mutual social benefit from unequal terms of cooperation.c.justify the rule of the strong over the weak.d.provide mutual social benefit from fair terms of cooperation.2 points QUESTION 34According to Hume, we value acts of kindness and charity because___________________________________________. a.they are sincere subjective feelingsb.they are socially useful for promoting happiness for the greatest number of people c.they fulfill God's commands d.they are cultural conventions2 points QUESTION 35According to Thomas Aquinas, an act is morally good if it fulfills:a.none of the aboveb.a natural purposec.communal needd.human pleasure2 points QUESTION 36In a)____________________________ universally true moral standards are not possible, while in b)_________________________theory universally true moral standards (objective) are necessarya.a) Cultural Relativism b) Divine Commandb.a) Ethical Subjectivism b) Cultural Relativismc.a) Divine Command b) Ethical Subjectivismd.a) Divine Command b) Social Contract Theory 2 points QUESTION 37According to Ethical Subjectivism, if we say ‘abortion is wrong’ this judgment refers to: a.All of the aboveb.Feelingsc.Factsd.actions2 points QUESTION 38According to chapter 2 in our text, the theory of Cultural Relativism may not be true, because there are ___________________ shared by all cultures.a.none of theseb.Universal valuesc.beliefs in Godd.Shared genetic code2 points QUESTION 39What ethical theory argues that we always act out of a rational self-interest?a.Ethical Egoismb.The Social Contract Theoryc.Cultural Relativismd.Divine Command Theory2 points QUESTION 40Which Ethical theory states that all moral codes are equivalent and no moral code is 'better' than another? a.The Social Contract Theoryb.Cultural Relativismc.The Divine Command Theoryd.The Natural Law Theory of Aquinas2 points QUESTION 41Although a sound moral argument can have many premises, how many conclusions can it have? a.Oneb.It depends on the number of premises.c.As many as you liked.Two2 points QUESTION 42According to Thomas Aquinas, an act is morally good if it fulfills:a.social customb.pleasurec.none of thesed.a natural purpose2 points QUESTION 43According to Subjectivism, if Matt says homosexuality is morally permissible and Jerry says it is morally wrong, this means that right and wrong reflect: a.A religious codeb.Feelings of approval and disapprovalc.Facts about homosexualityd.The dominant social norms2 points QUESTION 44According to the first chapter of our text, "The Elements of Moral Philosophy", impartiality is essential to a sound moral theory because: a.none of the aboveb.There should be no moral rules against treating people arbitrarily.c.We ought to obey the will of God in all of his commands.d.We ought to treat everyone's interests alike-your interests are not more important than mine and vice versa. 2 points QUESTION 45For the Divine command theory, what is right and wrong is determined by: a.Happiness for the greater goodb.A societies shared commitment to a moral valuec.personal opiniond.God's commands/will2 points QUESTION 46In chapter 2 of our text, we found that contrary to the claims Cultural Relativism there are universal values shared by all cultures. Identify one of these universal values. a.Love of God b.Respect for eldersc.Cremation of the deadd.The prohibition against murder2 points QUESTION 47According to Social Contract theory, the main reason we obey moral rules is because:a.we must always maximize the happiness of the greatest number of people.b.we must always do unto others as others do unto us.c.we benefit from living in a place where the rules are accepted. d.we have a natural feeling of compassion for one another. 2 points QUESTION 48Which Ethical theory states that moral values are not the creation of humans, but the creation of God?a.Divine Command Theoryb.Ethical Egoismc.Cultural Relativismd.Social Contract Theory2 points QUESTION 49Hobbes argues that we are motivated by _________________________ in the formation of a social contract.a.wisdomb.Self-interestc.Kindnessd.Altruism2 points QUESTION 50According __________________________________, all moral codes are morally equivalent and moral progress is impossible.a.The Divine Command Theoryb.Cultural Relativismc.Natural Law Theoryd.Social Contract Theory