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Ch 31 Vectorborne & Soilborne Bacterial & Viral Diseases Study Guide

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Study Guide for Chapter 31 – “Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases”

Read – entire chapter

Learning Objectives

Vocabulary

Enzootic – always there

Epizootic – all of the sudden

Gas Gangrene

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

Lyme disease

Plague

Rabies

Rickettsias

Spotted fever rickettsiosis

Tetanus

Typhus

West Nile Fever

Zoonosis

Review Questions

1. What is the procedure for treating a human bitten by an animal if the animal cannot be found?

Rabies is diagnosed using tissue samples looking for Negri Bodies (cytoplasmic

inclusions which contain rabies virus antigens). Victim can be passively immunized with

rabies immune globulin. Rabies virus vaccine also provides immunization.

2. What major advantage does an oral vaccine have over a parenteral (injected) vaccine for rabies

control in wild animals?

Rabies

• Primarily epizootic **can spread as zoonotic to humans, wild animals, and pets

• Reservoirs in the US: racoons, bats, skunks, coyotes, foxes

o Different regions have different primary reservoirs

Zoonosis

• Animal diseases transmissible to humans

• Wild animals a reservoir for disease (not treated by vets or immunized

like livestock/pets)

• Transmitted via: direct contact, aerosols, and bites

o Enzootic: present endemically in certain populations

o Epizootic: incidences reaching epidemic proportions in certain

populations

• Q fever

• Q stands for “query;” pneumonia-like symptoms

are caused by Coxiella burnetii, which is an

intracellular pathogen.

• transmitted through contact with animals or

their products (contaminated wool or meat)

• treated with tetracycline

• Q fever is considered a potential bioweapon.

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• Over 50K people die yearly (mostly in developing countries)

• Over 1 mill receive postexposure prophylactic care ea year (puts meds in bites)

o Antibody & antiserum to fight rabies

• Bait vaccines in the woods to help vaccinate wild animals and hope for herd immunity to stop

the virus

• Pathology of rabies: Rhabdovirus

o Negative strand RNA virus

o Infects CNS of warm blooded animals

o Leads to death if untreated

o Entered body from wound / bite

o In humans, 9 months can pass before symptoms

o Symptoms: Virus proliferates in the brain & leads to fever, excitation, dilation of pupils,

extra salivation, anxiety, fear of swallowing *attacks hypothalmus

o To truly ID the virus you need to cut open the brain or tissues and look for cytoplasmic

infected cells

• Rabies is diagnosed using tissue samples.

– Negri Bodies – Cytoplasmic inclusions which contain rabies virus antigens.

• Victim can be passively immunized with rabies immune globulin. (when you put meds in bites)

• A rabies virus vaccine also provides immunization, to prevent rabies livestock & pets have been

vaccinated which has been very successful in the US, less than 3 people per year gets it

3. Why are hantaviruses considered a major public health problem in the United States?

Hantaviruses:

• Can cause multi diseases

o ** HPS → hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

o ** HFRS → hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

▪ Both caused from RODENTS

• Mice, rats, voles, and lemmings

• Is enveloped, segmented, negative strand RNA virus (e.g. similar to ebola & lassa)

• Named from Hantaan, Korea

• Outbreaks in the US: Yosemite in 2012 and AZ, CO, NM in 1993

• Symptoms: sudden onset fever, myalgia (don’t feel well), thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, &

pulmonary capillary leakage

4. Describe the spread of hantaviruses to humans. What are some effective measures for

preventing infection by hantaviruses?

o Death occurs within days in 35% of cases

o BSL-4 level

o Up to 200,000 cases yearly

▪ Can be limited by reducing mouse dwellings and lower contact with mice & their

urine **bc it is transmitted via inhalation of rodent extreta**

o No specific treatment or vaccine yet!

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Study Guide for Chapter 31 – “Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases” Read – entire chapter Learning Objectives • Q fever • Q stands for “query;” pneumonia-like symptoms are caused by Coxiella burnetii, which is an intracellular pathogen. • transmitted through contact with animals or their products (contaminated wool or meat) • treated with tetracycline • Q fever is considered a potential bioweapon. Vocabulary Enzootic – always there Epizootic – all of the sudden Gas Gangrene Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) Lyme disease Plague Zoonosis Rabies • Animal diseases transmissible to humans Rickettsias • Wild animals a reservoir for disease (not treated by vets or immunized Spotted fever rickettsiosis like livestock/pets) Tetanus • Transmitted via: direct contact, aerosols, and bites Typhus o Enzootic: present endemically in certain populations West Nile Fever o Epizootic: incidences reaching epidemic proportions in certain Zoonosis populations Review Questions 1. What is the procedure for treating a human bitten by an animal if the animal cannot be found? Rabies is diagnosed using tissue samples looking for Negri Bodies (cytoplasmic inclusions which contain rabies virus antigens). Victim can be passively immunized with rabies immune globulin. Rabies virus vaccine also provides immunization. 2. What major advantage does an oral vaccine have over a parenteral (injected) vaccine for ra ...
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Tags: Soilborne Bacterial Diseases viral diseases bacterial diseases Vectorborne Bacterial Diseases virus antigens