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Socio Spatial Polarization Paper

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Running head: SOCIO-SPATIAL POLARIZATION 1

Socio-spatial Polarization: Comparison between Toronto and Rio de Janeiro

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SOCIO-SPATIAL POLARIZATION 2

Socio-spatial Polarization: Comparison between Toronto and Rio de Janeiro

Introduction

Socio-spatial polarization is an outcome of urbanization whose facets and determining

aspects varies between developed nations cities and cities in developing nations (Catungal &

Leslie, 2009). While in developed cities such differences are manifested mostly in form of

economical incomes disparities, ethnical and racial associations, developing nations cites

experience such differences through social classes’ distinctions, economical disparities and rural-

urban disparities. Interest in socio-spatial polarization has gained attention due to massive and

often unequal levels of urbanization that are taking place within the globalization context. In that

regard, Toronto is experiencing a socio-spatial polarization process that is correlated to two neo-

liberalism forces. That is the split between high income mostly whites, and the low-income

earners mostly minorities and new immigrants but with a striking constriction of the middle-

income earners. The Middle class households, which once defined Toronto demographic and

urban form all through post-war era is now shrinking to minority level. The second force is the

spatial reordering of Toronto in form of residence segregation in terms of ethnicity and class.

Toronto fits a concentric-ring model with a downtown core, adjacent former manufacturing and

industrial background along railway-networks and a waterway, followed by older residential

neighborhoods that are segregated based on income levels and ethnicity (Hulchanski, 2010).

Conversely, Rio de Janeiro like so many cities in developing nations is undergoing a relentless

but divergent course of urban transformation. Its massive and relatively unplanned urbanization

has resulted in an unprecedented urban sprawling coupled with strong socio spatial polarization.

In particular, the city is distinctively divided between the poor mostly blacks and ethnic minority

rural migrants, and the high income groups mostly Caucasians. Rio level of socio division is

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Running head: SOCIO-SPATIAL POLARIZATION Socio-spatial Polarization: Comparison between Toronto and Rio de Janeiro (Name) (University) 1 SOCIO-SPATIAL POLARIZATION 2 Socio-spatial Polarization: Comparison between Toronto and Rio de Janeiro Introduction Socio-spatial polarization is an outcome of urbanization whose facets and determining aspects varies between developed nations cities and cities in developing nations (Catungal & Leslie, 2009). While in developed cities such differences are manifested mostly in form of economical incomes disparities, ethnical and racial associations, developing nations cites experience such differences through social classes’ distinctions, economical disparities and ruralurban disparities. Interest in socio-spatial polarization has gained attention due to massive and often unequal levels of urbanization that are taking place within the globalization context. In that regard, Toronto is experiencing a socio-spatial polarization process that is correlated to two neoliberalism forces. That is the split between high income mostly whites, and the low-income earners mostly minorities and new immigrants but with a striking constriction of the middleincome earners. The Middle class households, which once defined Toronto demographic and urban form all through post-war era is now shrinking to minority level. The second force is the spatial reordering of Toronto in form of residence segregation in terms of ethnicity and class. Toronto fits a concen ...
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Tags: polarization Socio Spatial Polarization outcome of urbanization Urbanization Problems Unequality