Reply: Health Promotion in the Prenatal and Infant Population Case 3 What recommendations would you give to a group of expectant teenagers that are attending to your Health Promotion and Disease Prevention educational sessions regarding breastfeeding. Include recommendation in how to increase the duration to this activity. I would seek to inspire these teenagers to desire to breastfeed by ensuring they understand the benefits but, more importantly, that they have a support system in place. In fact, a recent study has shown that education has little impact on the uptake of breastfeeding. The factors that had a significant effect on the uptake are social and environmental. For example, the institution of lactation rooms in workplaces or legislation to restrict the marketing of breast milk replacements have been shown to make a significant impact (Rollins et al., 2016). I would educate these teenagers that the world health organization recommends breastfeeding be initiated within 1 hour of birth. The child is exclusively breastfed for 6 months. A combination of breast milk and age-appropriate foods be given to the child to 2yrs of age or beyond. According to Edleman et al. (2018), the following would be appropriate to recommend to this group of expectant mothers to increase the duration of breastfeeding: Drink 1 quart of fluids daily to produce a sufficient quantity of breast milk. Watch the infant, not the clock. Look for early signs of wanting-to-feed behaviors. Sunlight is the principle source of vitamin D, so a supplement might be needed. Try to rest when the infant sleeps, so you do not become overtired. Consume 400 to 400 kcal/day above the prepregnancy energy intake to avoid excessive weight loss. Learn the appropriate interventions for engorged breasts, sore nipples, plugged ducts, infection, and leaking nipples. Expose nipples to air after each feeding and allow some breast milk to dry on nipples for their lubricating and antiinfective properties. Learn about the use of breast pumps and milk storage. Join breastfeeding support groups for continued help within the community. Learn about the effects of drugs, environmental pollutants, alcohol, and nicotine on breast milk. Breastfeeding is more than just supplying nutrients for growth-it contributes to an intimate and special relationship between you and your infant (p. 417 - 418). Describe the relationship between culture and growth and development. Assess whether all growth and development milestones should be applied to all children regardless of cultural background. Each culture carries beliefs about what is right and wrong and expected behaviors. This affects the way a child interacts with their environment and other people. The cultural "attitudes" essentially create a lens through which the child will view the world. Up to the preschool years, the child usually mimics these cultural behaviors. During the school-age years, they begin to start combining their cultural views with that of their peers; by the time they become adolescence, they begin to question and develop their own set of values. For children to reach their full developmental potential, milestones should be applied to all patients with a culturally sensitive approach. The nurse should learn about the culture and find ways to combine evidence-based care with cultural-guided care. An example from our text was the belief of a Hispanic family that to fill the infant's sunken fontanel, you hold them upside-down. Instead of ridiculing this idea, the nurse educated the family to additionally ensure proper hydration to help fill the fontanel; this action kept the communication open (Edelman et al., 2018). Design a teaching plan for parents regarding injury prevention during infancy. In your teaching plan you must include the home of an infant injury proof. The three most common injuries for infants are falls, burns, and choking on foreign objects. Cribs should be inspected, and the parent must ensure they can be securely locked in crib rails should always be in the highest position while the infant is in the crib. The floors should be continually checked for items small enough for the infant to swallow. All potentially toxic substances should be stored out of reach, and all cabinets within reach of the child should have a latch. All electrical outlets should have enough cover to prevent tampering. Any furniture that could tip or fall should be secured or bolted to the walls. Hanging items such as blind chords or any draperies should not be within reach of the child to prevent them from being pulled down. Plants should not be with an infant's reach as many of them are poisonous. Nothing should be placed inside a crib that would allow the child to be able to climb. Any gates to keep the child off of stairs or out of other rooms should be checked regularly for the ability to secure them well, and the slats should be tight enough not to allow the child's head to get caught. Ensure that smoke detectors are in good working order and replace the batteries monthly. Buy flame retardant clothing for the child to wear. If the home has a fireplace, ensure that there is a sturdy screen in front of it (Edelman et al., 2018). References Edelman, Carole,, Kudzma,Elizabeth C.,,. (2018). Health promotion : throughout the life span Rollins, N. C., Bhandari, N., Hajeebhoy, N., Horton, S., Lutter, C. K., Martines, J. C., Piwoz, E. G., Richter, L. M., & Victora, C. G. (2016). Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices? The Lancet, 387(10017), 491-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01044-2 Case # 1 to do one response Several factors could affect an individuals' potential for growth in health care, including genetic factors, prenatal and postnatal exposures, nutritional factors, environmental factors, lifestyle, and health care practices. Genetic factors influence childhood growth. Genes determine a person's body structure, weight, eye color, height, and intelligence. Gene interaction is an aspect that can affect an individual potential growth since some genes might contain conflicting information that will lead to a specific becoming dominant over the other. Notably, when the ovum and sperm fuse, they contribute DNA that aids in creating an embryo that has a total of 46 chromosomes. However, the child's abnormalities and health complications may arise if the meiosis process results in an extra or missing chromosome. For example, a child with some missing chromosomes tends to have a low intellectual capability. Exposure to various substances such as drugs before childbirth or exposure to pollution after birth may cause underlying issues in a child's growth and development. Prenatal exposure occurs as a result of the materials ingested by the mother during pregnancy. For instance, consuming illegal drugs could slow down a child's brain development. Similarly, exposing children to second-hand smoke affects their growth, where in most cases, the victim's lungs might never reach their full growth potential. Nutritional factors can also affect an individual growth potential in various ways. Undernutrition causes infants to have less body energy during the early growth stages, which might negatively influence their cognitive development. Also, lack of proper nutrition might limit physical growth development and cause slow maturation, affecting a child's height and body weight (Deki, 2016). Environmental factors such as home characteristics, climate, and modernization influence an individual's potential for growth. For instance, a child raised in a low-income family is more likely to have slow cognitive growth development and drop out of school. Poverty is associated with a lack of basic needs such as proper nutrition, which affects a child's physical and cognitive growth rate. Also, a particular way of living could affect their growth potential. This is mainly portrayed through household characteristics; a wealthy family can provide a good environment and nutrition that promotes growth. Lastly, healthcare practices also influence an individual potential for growth. For instance, an immunized child is likely to have smooth growth and development compared to one who does not have access to healthcare practices. There is a cordial relationship between people's culture and growth and development. Culture determines people's views and approaches to life. For instance, the traditions of different communities assess the type of food the people will consume. Some of the staple foods may not contain adequate nutrients to support a child's growth, hence underdevelopment. Notably, cultural practices might also impact people's attitudes towards certain medicine or healthcare practices. Some communities have a negative attitude towards modern medicine and hospitals. Therefore, if a child has complications at birth, the parents may consult traditional doctors, who sometimes are not well informed. Some cultural practices and traditions are detrimental to growth and development. Therefore, it is essential to sensitize the people on the effect of such cultural barriers and align the application of growth and development milestones with people's culture. When assessing the growth and development milestones during an infant's physical examination, it is essential to use the appropriate growth chart based on the individual racial group. Using the same standardized growth chart for every racial or ethnic group will lead to inaccurate information that will result in wrong data interpretation. It is challenging for the nurses to provide care for a family from a different race than the provider. Still, successful communication is vital to understand others' cultural perspectives. No two individuals are alike, regardless of being from the same background, racial or ethnic group. The health care provider must acknowledge the differences and elaborate a proper care plan to promote good health practices (Edelman & Kudzma, 2018). Design a teaching plan for parents regarding injury prevention during infancy. In your teaching plan, you must include the home of an infant injury-proof. Childhood injuries have resulted in death and adverse health complications. Therefore, it is crucial to sensitize parents on the probable cause of injuries and preventive measures. Unintentional injuries result from suffocation, falls, burns, drowning, and poisoning. Most of these accidental injuries can be prevented by modifying the child's surroundings and parents engaging in safety practices. For example, by storing poisonous substances and lighters out of their reach, using childproof caps on household poisons and medication, and maintaining a tidy-non-slippery floor. Notably, home environment examination should be carried out comprehensively and frequently to ensure it is safe for an infant. When educating the parents, it is vital to educate them on different first aid. For example, for a drowning child, CPR is effective. References Deki, P. (2016). Factors affecting early childhood growth and Development: Golden 1000 days. Advanced Practices in Nursing, 01(01). doi:10.4172/2573-0347.1000101 Edelman, C., & Kudzma, E. C. (2018). Health promotion throughout the life span. Elsevier.

Scenario During a global health volunteer trip, you identified the need for a disease surveillance program targeting a preventable disease within a global population. You would like to create awareness about this need and propose a solution. Instructions Select a preventable disease affecting a population and write a blog for USAID.gov proposing a disease surveillance program. The essay should: Introduce the topic and include a thesis statement Describe the preventable disease and population affected by the disease  Propose methods for a disease surveillance program within the population.  Suggest global health organizations that would be suited to launch the program. Explain how the program would be communicated to healthcare providers and communities.