Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Q8.1: The single nucleotide mutation that causes the alteration of the glycine residue at codon 12 reduces GTPase activity. This leads to recurrent stimulation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway in the absence of growth factors. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Signaling Q8.2: In TNF receptors, receptor binding induces conformational change in the death domain (DD) region of the TNF receptor cytoplasmic tails that cause inactivation of the silence of death domain (SODD) inhibitory proteins that signal cell death. For GPC receptors, conformational change cleaves the bound guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) which causes the G heterotrimeric complex into a G subunit and a G complex that stimulate downstream signaling pathways. In RTK pathways involving epidermal growth factors (EGF), EGF binding to two inactive EGF receptors (EGFR) cause them to merge forming a dimer with their tails phosphorylated, which then act as binding sites for downstream signaling molecules. Nuclear Receptor Signaling Q8.3: The glucocorticoid fluticasone activates glucocorticoid receptors (GR) by releasing it from an inactive chaperon ...
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