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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOTES

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Chemistry Hsc

by rezahussaini |

Chemistry HSC

Note: This is not the final revision of my notes (I’m constantly revising them as I do papers), and

there may be a few areas of error or unclear explanations. However, I’ve gone through it a

number of times, and it should be mostly very accurate and comprehensive. If you find anything

wrong, it would be nice if you could tell me on korenxii@hotmail.com so I can either discuss it or

change it. Good luck for the HSC guys

Organic Chemistry – the study of compounds containing carbon THIS IS BACKGROUND INFO

Organic chemistry is separate because we can look at all of the included chemical groups in a

unifying way, through the bonding properties of carbon. Study of major groups:

o Oxygen-containing compounds e.g. alcohols

o Hydrocarbons e.g. petroleum

o Carbohydrates e.g. sugars

o Nitrogen-containing compounds e.g. amino acids ( proteins Etc.

Hydrocarbons

When all bonds are single, they are called alkanes. This is a family of compounds, represented

by a general formula CnH2n+2, aka a homologous series. They have similar properties and

reactions. There are ‘straight’ chain alkanes. e.g.

The 109o, zig-zag bonding shape is due to the tetrahedral nature of single bonds. Carbon

atoms always form 4 bonds. If they don’t you’re doing something wrong.

Branched chain (one is attached to at least 3)

Methane, CH4, ethane, C2H6, Propane, C3H8, and Butane, C4H10 are all alkanes.

Physical Properties

C1 to C4 are gases at room temp, C5 to C18 are colourless liquids, others are solids. The

density of alkanes are significantly less than water (1.00g/mL), are non-conductors of electricity

and are insoluble in water. The reason for their insolubility is that C-C bonds are non-polar, and

C-H bonds are only slightly. This slight polarity is cancelled by symmetry in structure. Weak

dispersion forces, relatively low boiling/melting points. Boiling/melting points increase as

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molecular weight increases, due to stronger dispersion forces (more electrons). Volatility

decreases as molecular weight increases.

Alkenes

Contain a double bond between a pair of carbon atoms. Homologous series, formula CnH2n,

planar shape. There are different ways of representing structure:

[pic]

(2)Full Structural Formula – shows planar geometry around double bond, and tetrahedral

around other carbon atom (3)Intermediate type – infers tetrahedral shape

(4)Condensed structural formula – no attempt to show structure, but enough information is

provided

Isomers are different compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural

formula. The double bond can be at different positions in the compound. e.g.

[pic]

Physical Properties

Straight-chain alkenes similar to alkanes. Densities similar to corresponding alkanes, insoluble

in water.

Alkynes

Contain a triple bond between carbons. CnHn-2. As with alkenes, isomers are possible. They

are non-polar, low boiling points and insoluble in water

Naming Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes

o Stem telling length of carbon chain

C1 meth-C4 but-C7 hept-

C2 eth-C5 pent-C8 oct-

C3 prop-C6 hex-

o Look at the longest possible chain, then pick a prefix o Look for branches, and use a number

to denote their position, starting from the closest end e.g. 2,3 – dimethylpentane or 2 -

dimethylpentane o If double or triple bonds present, set this as priority (start counting closest to

the bond) and first state branches then double/triple bond e.g. 2– methyl – 1 – propene (methyl

on second branch and double bond on first) o If compound is cyclic, add a cyclo- before the

name of the main branch e.g. 1,2,3 - trimethylcyclohexane

Saturated and unsaturated compounds

Alkenes and Alkynes – unsaturated, possible to attach more hydrogen Alkanes – saturated,

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Chemistry Hsc by rezahussaini | Chemistry HSC Note: This is not the final revision of my notes (I’m constantly revising them as I do papers), and there may be a few areas of error or unclear explanations. However, I’ve gone through it a number of times, and it should be mostly very accurate and comprehensive. If you find anything wrong, it would be nice if you could tell me on korenxii@hotmail.com so I can either discuss it or change it. Good luck for the HSC guys Organic Chemistry – the study of compounds containing carbon THIS IS BACKGROUND INFO Organic chemistry is separate because we can look at all of the included chemical groups in a unifying way, through the bonding properties of carbon. Study of major groups: o Oxygen-containing compounds e.g. alcohols o Hydrocarbons e.g. petroleum o Carbohydrates e.g. sugars o Nitrogen-containing compounds e.g. amino acids ( proteins Etc. Hydrocarbons When all bonds are single, they are called alkanes. This is a family of compounds, represented by a general formula CnH2n+2, aka a homologous series. They have similar properties and reactions. There are ‘straight’ chain alkanes. e.g. The 109o, zig-zag bonding shape is due to the tetrahedral nature of single bonds. Carbon atoms always form 4 bonds. If they don’t you’re doing something wrong. Branched chain (one is attached to at least 3) Methane, CH4, ethane, C2H6, Propane, C3H8, and Butane, C4H10 are all alkanes. Physical Properties C1 to C4 are gases at room t ...
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