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1. NSG682 Advanced Pathophysiology

1. Select and Discuss One of the following prompts:

a. Describe the normal lipid pathway and the pathophysiological process leading to the

development of an atherosclerotic plague. List non-pharmacological steps can be taken to

reduce the patient’s risk of CVD and possible long-term consequences of atherosclerosis.

b. A major cause of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in adults is obesity. How does it

occur in children who are not obese?

c. Healthy infants usually recover completely from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). What

kinds of conditions would place the infant at a severe risk in gaining a complete recovery?

d. Compare autoregulation, neural regulation, and hormonal regulation of renal blood flow.

Consider source of control, system activation, and prevention techniques.

e. Both volvulus and intussusception involve structural obstructions of the ileum and/or colon.

Explain the difference between these two types of obstruction. What is the result of either

type of obstruction?

2. Discuss the below Mini Case Study:

The prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is increasing throughout

the world. Clinically, acute infections are infrequently recognized because

most patients experience minimal symptoms or are often

asymptomatic. However, the vast majority of HCV- infected individuals

become chronically infected. Advanced Practice Nurses must be able to

identify patients at risk for HCV.

a. Explain the pathophysiologic processes involved in this disorder and explain how this

infection may go undetected for many years.

b. Describe the laboratory tests (including test results interpretation) used to diagnose

and differentiate acute versus chronic infection. Include what tests are needed (and why)

to manage a patient receiving treatment. Make sure to include the molecular and

genotyping testing.

c. Using current pathophysiological knowledge regarding HCV, explain how the current

treatments for this viral infection eliminate the infection. Include cure rates for the

various treatment modalities.

Samples of some other students. Please read them to get an Idea of what you will do but do not

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Unit 2 Discussion Question:

1. Discuss one of the following prompts:

a. A major cause of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in adults is obesity. How

does it occur in children who are not obese?

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a respiratory condition that occurs in sleep when

the airway is partially or complete obstructed usually caused by adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

One major cause to this disease could be obesity but in children it could stem from other

conditions. Usually obesity can be a primary factor due to the fatty tissues closing the upper

airway causing increased narrowing inducing respiratory complications. One similarity

between children with obstructive sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)

is plasma leptin levels. Leptin levels were elevated in OSAS regardless of obesity due to the

adaptive mechanism attempting to enhance ventilation with respiratory impairment

(Tauman & Gozal, 2011). OSAS can be caused from environmental factors, autonomic

abnormalities in the airway with genetic diseases, and could be seen in infants with

respiratory lung development issues.

Obstruction in the upper airway can be caused by increasing respiratory drive, changes

in intrathoracic pressures with oxygen desaturation, hypercapnia, craniofacial abnormalities,

arousal, and decreased motor tone in the upper airway with neurological associated

diseases (Huether & McCance 2017, pg. 718). Down syndrome and cerebral palsy have been

linked to OSAS with the limited development of muscles to control the airway in sleep.

When OSAS is identified a polysomnographic overnight test is warranted and, in most cases,

an adenotonsillectomy can prevent further respiratory complications (Chan, Edman,

& Koltai, 2004). Adenotonsillectomy is usually helpful for treatment since the airway

obstruction could stem from underdeveloped tonsils and adenoids.

In my personal experience, I have seen young adults with OSA or OSAS treated with

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). This works in most adult causes but is only the

treatment of choice if adenotonsillectomy is contraindicated (Chan, Edman, & Koltai, 2004).

It is very important that the mask fits with a full seal to ensure airway pressure is

administered. Children would have to be continuously checked for mask adjustment while

they are growing. This is a great mechanism that can aid the breathing process in sleep by

ensuring proper ventilation without obstruction interrupting the sleep process.

2. Discuss the below Mini Case Study:

The prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is increasing

throughout the world. Clinically, acute infections are infrequently

recognized because most patients experience minimal symptoms

or are often asymptomatic. However, the vast majority of HCV-

infected individuals become chronically infected. Advanced

Practice Nurses must be able to identify patients at risk for HCV.

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1. a. b. c. d. e. NSG682 Advanced Pathophysiology 1. Select and Discuss One of the following prompts: Describe the normal lipid pathway and the pathophysiological process leading to the development of an atherosclerotic plague. List non-pharmacological steps can be taken to reduce the patient’s risk of CVD and possible long-term consequences of atherosclerosis. A major cause of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in adults is obesity. How does it occur in children who are not obese? Healthy infants usually recover completely from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). What kinds of conditions would place the infant at a severe risk in gaining a complete recovery? Compare autoregulation, neural regulation, and hormonal regulation of renal blood flow. Consider source of control, system activation, and prevention techniques. Both volvulus and intussusception involve structural obstructions of the ileum and/or colon. Explain the difference between these two types of obstruction. What is the result of either type of obstruction? 2. Discuss the below Mini Case Study: The prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is increasing throughout the world. Clinically, acute infections are infrequently recognized because most patients experience minimal symptoms or are often asymptomatic. However, the vast majority of HCV- infected individuals become chronically infected. Advanced Practice Nurses must be able to identify patients at risk for HCV. a. Explain the pathophysiologic p ...
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