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Literature review 1a capstone with conclusion

Literature review 1a capstone with conclusion

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SMOKING CESSATION METHODS

Capstone Part I: Smoking is the Silent Killer for Cardiac Patients

NUR 4169C Applications in Evidence Based Practice for BSNs

Professor Dr. Peggy McCartt, PhD, APRN

Adam Megill

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SMOKING CESSATION METHODS

Literature Review 1A

Introduction to Problem

Smoking is a risk factor for adverse events in patients with cardiovascular diseases

(CVD). It increases the probability of mortality in patients receiving cardiac care. The hazard

ratio of cardiovascular mortality is 2.07 and 1.37 for current and past smokers compared to

non-smokers (Mons et al., 2015). According to the study by Bouabdallaoui et al. (2020), both

current and former smokers are at higher risks of CVD death (hazard ratio=1.92 and 1.38)

and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio=1.96 and 1.37) compared to non-smokers (p<0.05). The

more cigarettes that a patient with a CVD smokes, the higher the risk of mortality as

demonstrated by an hazard ratio of 2.63 among patients who smoke more than 20 cigarettes

per day in the meta-analysis by Mons et al. (2015).

Smoking cessation reduces the risk of CVD mortality. The smoking-related mortality

risk reduces by a hazard ratio of 0.85 per 10 years once a patient stops smoking. The risk

advancement periods is estimated to be 5.5 years for current smokers, which is more than

double that of former smokers (2.16) (Mons et al., 2015). Therefore, interventions to help

patients in the cardiac care unit to stop smoking can significantly reduce their risk of

mortality.

PICOT, Search Strategy, and Articles

In (P) Smokers in the cardiac care unit, (I) does behavioral treatment (C) compared to

nicotine replacement therapy (O) help patients to quit smoking (T) within one year?

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), a pharmacotherapy, is commonly used to help

in smoking cessation. However, the associated adverse effects and ineffectiveness in some

smokers call for the search for other alternatives that can serve as evidence-based approaches

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1 SMOKING CESSATION METHODS Capstone Part I: Smoking is the Silent Killer for Cardiac Patients NUR 4169C Applications in Evidence Based Practice for BSNs Professor Dr. Peggy McCartt, PhD, APRN by Adam Megill 2 SMOKING CESSATION METHODS Literature Review 1A Introduction to Problem Smoking is a risk factor for adverse events in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). It increases the probability of mortality in patients receiving cardiac care. The hazard ratio of cardiovascular mortality is 2.07 and 1.37 for current and past smokers compared to non-smokers (Mons et al., 2015). According to the study by Bouabdallaoui et al. (2020), both current and former smokers are at higher risks of CVD death (hazard ratio=1.92 and 1.38) and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio=1.96 and 1.37) compared to non-smokers (p ...
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