421669331 neuroanatomy exam 1 notes

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Introduction to Neuroanatomy 8/9/2019 2:28:00 AM

General functions of the nervous system

• Detect and transmit sensory information (afferent)

o From the external world and the internal environment of the

body, including pain, vibration, desire to swallow, hunger,

etc., to the CNS

• Deliver motor signals (efferent)

o To the muscles and glands of the body

o Coordinate motor functions of the body such as heart rate,

breathing, temperature, pain modulation, emotions (fear),

movement in response to pain; movement of body parts

• Information processing

Functional divisions

• Somatic—branch of NS of which we are conscious

• Visceral (autonomic)—branch of NS of which we are unconscious

Functional divisions—Somatic

• Somatic—branch of NS of which we are conscious (Skin & Muscles)

o Sensory (afferent)—receives info from sense organs

o Motor (efferent)—controls voluntary muscles (skeletal)

• Clinical correlation—ulnar neuropathy is caused by compression of

the ulnar nerve at the hand. Results in

numbness/weakness/tingling in the ring and little fingers lasting

from days to months

o Can happen with bikers who use the drop-down handlebar

where their hand is in lower position

Functional divisions—Autonomic

• Visceral/autonomic—branch of NS of which we are unconscious

(regulates visceral organs, involuntary)

o Sensory

o Motor

▪ Sympathetic—involved in mobilizing resources of the

body when demands are increased (fight or flight)

▪ Parasympathetic—involved in restoration and energy

conservation (rest and digest)

• Clinical correlation (CC)—autonomic disorders can result in blood

pressure problems, heart problems, trouble with breathing and

swallowing, and erectile dysfunction

o These disorders can occur alone or as the result of diseases

such as Parkinson’s, alcoholism, and diabetes

Anatomical divisions of the nervous system

• Central nervous system (CNS)

o Brain

o Spinal cord

• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

o Ganglia

o Nerves

Anatomical components of the nervous system

• Neurons—basic structural component

o Soma (cell body)

o Axon

o Dendrites

• Organization of neurons differs in the CNS and PNS

CNS organization

• The brain and spinal cord contain:

o Gray matter

▪ Nuclei—groups of nerve cell bodies surrounding the

ventricles

▪ Cortex—sheets of neurons

o White matter

▪ Tracts—bundles of axons

 Afferent fibers—arrive at a CNS region

 Efferent fibers—leave a CNS region

In the brain and spinal cord:

• Gray matter

o Cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia organized either as

cortex (sheets) or nuclei (clusters)

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Introduction to Neuroanatomy 8/9/2019 2:28:00 AM General functions of the nervous system • Detect and transmit sensory information (afferent) o From the external world and the internal environment of the body, including pain, vibration, desire to swallow, hunger, etc., to the CNS • Deliver motor signals (efferent) o To the muscles and glands of the body o Coordinate motor functions of the body such as heart rate, breathing, temperature, pain modulation, emotions (fear), • movement in response to pain; movement of body parts Information processing Functional divisions • Somatic—branch of NS of which we are conscious • Visceral (autonomic)—branch of NS of which we are unconscious Functional divisions—Somatic • Somatic—branch of NS of which we are conscious (Skin & Muscles) o Sensory (afferent)—receives info from sense organs • o Motor (efferent)—controls voluntary muscles (skeletal) Clinical correlation—ulnar neuropathy is caused by compression of the ulnar nerve at the hand. Results in numbness/weakness/tingling in the ring and little fingers lasting from days to months o Can happen with bikers who use the drop-down handlebar where their hand is in lower position Functional divisions—Autonomic • Visceral/autonomic—branch of NS of which we are unconscious (regulates visceral organs, involuntary) o Sensory o Motor ▪ Sympathetic—involved in mobilizing resources of the body when demands are increased (fight or flight) ▪ Parasympatheti ...
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