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Lecture gp111 04

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GP111 Elementary Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics - Close systems 1 Applications of laws of thermodynamics • • • • • • Steam engines, Gas turbines, Automobile engines, ACs, Refrigerators, Much more…. 2 1st law of thermodynamics (1850, out of the works of William Rankine, Rudollph Clausius, Lord Kelvin) • The increase in the internal energy of a thermodynamic system is equal to the amount of heat energy added to the system plus the work done by the system on the surroundings. • Mathematical representation, dU=δQ+δW where dU is the infinitesimal increase in the internal energy of the system, δQ is the infinitesimal amount of heat added to the system, and δW is the infinitesimal amount of work done by the system on the surroundings. The infinitesimal heat and work are denoted by δ rather than d because, in mathematical terms, they are inexact differentials rather than exact differentials. In other words, there is no function Q or W that can be differentiated to yield δQ or δW. 3 Properties are point functions: But heat and work are path functions (magnitudes depend on the path followed) Path functions have inexact differentials, therefore differential amounts represent by Q or W instead of dQ or dW Point functions depend on the state. They have exact differentials, for example volume change, 2  dV = V2 − V1 = V 1 2  W = W12 (not W ) 1 4 Formal sign convention • Heat and work are direction quan ...
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