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The Middle East: Historical Shifts and Power Struggles from Ottoman Decline to Postcolonialism

The Middle East: Historical Shifts and Power Struggles from Ottoman Decline to Postcolonialism

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The Middle East

Question one

Gelvin, in his discussion of the defensive developmentalism and the imperialism, refers

to how such process led to increased threat for the existing social groups. He helped in the

creation of newer social categories, which were not in existence in the previous periods. The

basis for the defensive developmentalism was to create a modern military power that would

defend the region from the European interventions and the internal oppositions. The major step

that was initially made in the Middle East was to eliminate the entrenched military caste with the

primary interest being the prevention of modernization. The objective was to preserve the

privileges that had been established under the status quo. These castes were adversely affected

by the defensive developmentalism when Muhammad Ali violated the disposing of the

Mamelike rivals.

This happened in a massacre when Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II mercilessly destroyed the

Janissary corps around the 1826 auspicious incident. The Europeans enacted the Middle Eastern

imperialism by using the economic penetrations as well as the diplomatic coercions. This

occurred outside Middle East and sometimes through a direct colonization. Algeria transformed

from being Ottoman Empire and became the French city, and the French government occupied

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the country. Mount Lebanon underwent the process of sectarianism that had an impact on the

imperialism (Burke 24-25). It allowed the spread of politics in the region with the universal

religion. The European defended the Christian in this area and insisted that it should be made

autonomous from the previous empire. The Egyptians were also imperialized through the

European defensive developmentalism. Mehmet Ali reformed the Egyptian military and

expanded the territory. The growth of cotton in turn fueled Egyptian economy.

Question two

The aftermath of the Second World War led to the gradual loss of the European control

over the Arab world. It also resulted in the rise of the brief moment dominated by optimism.

Many people were of the view that an opportunity that they had waited had downed, where they

needed to realize the meaningful self-determinations. This opening did not however last longer

than anticipated. The Arab world soon found itself awash in the military coups that were

conducted nationally. Besides, the single party states, as well as the authoritarian monarchies,

also participated in the coups. After a couple of decades, the postcolonial elite seized the power

and shaped the political landscape.

The newly uprising rulers were the native Muslims but behaved in eerily familiar ways.

Therefore, a new gap between the society and the state came into being (Gelvin 2-4). It was a

replica of the colonial one that existed before. The only change made was that the Arabs rules

instead of the Europeans. The term neocolonialism best described this. The analysts of the Arab

springs are wrong since neocolonialism is inseparable from the global events. The surge of

democratization is consistently under questioning followed by an undertow of the viability of

such governance in the region. As the political progress stall, it is followed by the conservative

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Surname 1 Name Course Tutor Date The Middle East Question one Gelvin, in his discussion of the defensive developmentalism and the imperialism, refers to how such process led to increased threat for the existing social groups. He helped in the creation of newer social categories, which were not in existence in the previous periods. The basis for the defensive developmentalism was to create a modern military power that would defend the region from the European interventions and the internal oppositions. The major step that was initially made in the Middle East was to eliminate the entrenched military caste with the primary interest being the prevention of modernization. The objective was to preserve the privileges that had been established under the status quo. These castes were adversely affected by the defensive developmentalism when Muhammad Ali violated the disposing of the Mamelike rivals. This happened in a massacre when Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II mercilessly destroyed the Janissary corps around the 1826 auspicious incident. The Europeans enacted the Middle Eastern imperialism by using the economic penetrations as well as the diplomatic coercions. This occurred outside Middle East and sometimes through a direct colonization. Algeria transformed from being Ottoman Empire and became the French city, and the French government occupied Surname 2 the country. Mount Lebanon underwent the process of sectarianism that had an impact on the imperialism (Burke 24-25). It allowed t ...
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