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Prevalence of Osteoarthritis among People Living in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries:
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease affecting individuals across all nations. Cartilage
loss or degradation and synovial inflammation are the main characteristics of OA leading to pain, stiffness,
swelling, and limited mobility [1,2]. Globally, OA affects more than 240 million individuals with older age [3]. The
most commonly affected joints by OA are knee, hip, and hands. A previous report has estimated that the
prevalence of knee OA was 3.8% and hip OA was 0.85% among adults globally [4]. Although the prevalence of OA
has been varied across countries, there is agreement on increased prevalence among adults [5]. Currently, the
majority of studies examining the prevalence of OA were performed in Western and Eastern courtiers including
North America, Europe, Japan, and China. However, few and old reports have been published about OA prevalence
with inconsistent findings from some of the Middle East countries.
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries include Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab
Emirates (UAE), and Oman. The increased average life expectancy in the GCC was associated with increased elderly
population, and this leads to an increase in comorbidities including diabetes, obesity, and musculoskeletal
conditions. Adults in the GCC area may be more prone to chronic conditions such as osteoarthritis due to the
multiple factors such as lack of activity, sedentary lifestyle, and extreme environmental factors. These factors may
prevent people from participating in activity especially during summer. Consequently, the prevalence of joint
diseases such as OA could be higher than other regions. Thus, it is essential to estimate the overall prevalence of
OA in GCC region to establish a better prevention and treatment programs.
Limited research has examined the prevalence of OA in the GCC countries. However, the estimates and
rates had huge differences within the same or between different countries. For example, Al-Arfaj et al. showed
that the prevalence of knee OA was 56.6% in Saudi Arabia [6]. In contrast, Al-Zadjali et al. found that the
prevalence of OA was 1.5% in Oman [7]. These differences in the prevalence of a common chronic condition within
somehow similar geographical area require further investigation. Furthermore, GCC countries have common

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Prevalence of Osteoarthritis among People Living in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 1 Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease affecting individuals across all nations. Cartilage loss or degradation and synovial inflammation are the main characteristics of OA leading to pain, stiffness, swelling, and limited mobility [1,2]. Globally, OA affects more than 240 million individuals with older age [3]. The most commonly affected joints by OA are knee, hip, and hands. A previous report has estimated that the prevalence of knee OA was 3.8% and hip OA was 0.85% among adults globally [4]. Although the prevalence of OA has been varied across countries, there is agreement on increased prevalence among adults [5]. Currently, the majority of studies examining the prevalence of OA were performed in Western and Eastern courtiers including North America, Europe, Japan, and China. However, few and old reports have been published about OA prevalence with inconsistent findings from some of the Middle East countries. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries include Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Oman. The increased average life expectancy in the GCC was associated with increased elderly population, and this leads to an increase in comorbidities including diabetes, obesity, and musculoskeletal conditions. Adults in the GCC area may be more prone to chronic conditions such as osteoart ...
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