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REVISED Neural Tube 22 10 2018

REVISED Neural Tube 22 10 2018

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Neural Tube Defects

Dr. Nasreen Feroze/ Roll No. 701/2018 P a g e | 2 [Type here]

INTRODUCTION

Neural tube defects are congenital abnormalities of CNs that develop because of mal

union of neural folds completely. It has an incidence of 300000/year over worldwide.In

Pakistan it has an incidence of13.9/1000,a study done by Phushpa

Gowswami,Samreen Memon,Vashdev Khimani,Farhana published on 3/7/2015.1707-

1711.

No exact data is available but in Pakistan it has a prevalence rate of 4.5/1000 total

births studied by Ibrahim zaganjor.Ahila sekkarie,Beckle L,T Sang,Jennifer JoZaseph

Mulinare.Hilda Razaq published on April 11,2016https//doi.org10.1371.

There are 2 types of defects.

Open and Closed.

Open neural tube defects are most common. Open NTD occur when brain or spinal

cord is exposed at birth through a hole in the skull or vertebrae.

In open category included are anencephaly, encephalocele, hydrocephaly,

schizocephaly, spina bifida Rare varieties are closed defects which occur when spinal

defect is covered by skin. These include,meningocele, myeilomeningocle and tethered

cord.

There are multiple causative agents of these defects. There are genetics reasons plus

environmental. There are deficient studies on genetics but multiple nutritional factors

came out on front lines as their supply to pregnant ladies prevented the defects.

Numerous Genetic functioning abnormality, regularity of membrane morphology is

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Neural Tube Defects

Dr. Nasreen Feroze/ Roll No. 701/2018 P a g e | 3 [Type here]

essential for normal closing.

Multifactorial Threshold Model is applied in development of NTD since single genetic

aberration is insufficient to cause defect. There is interaction of genes to genes and

genes to environment to cause the defect.Genetic defects in planar cell polarity by

Diana M,Juriloff,Murial J,Harris on 28/9/12https.23079 contribute to the NTDS..

EMBRYOLOGY

Formation of Neutral tubes involves the bending of neuroepithelium at midline to

generate neural folds.A Study done by Nicholas DE Greene and Andrew J

Copp,Nickolopolow E,Glea GL,Rolo A,published in annual review of neurosciences on

2014;37;221-42. These neural folds elevate and fuse in the midline in a process

called (Primary Neurulation). If incomplete closure neural tube is exposed to

environment and undergoes degeneration so that neuronal deficit develops. The

severity of defects depends on which axis is deficient. If fusion of brain affected, then

defect like anencepaly develops and if spinal cord affected then spinal bifida like

abnormalities come out. NTD can be due to either failure of initiating events or

disturbance of closing events at these sites. This process of primary Neuralation take

place at 18 days after fertilization when mostly women do not know that they are

pregnant + process complete till 28 days after fertilization.

Secondary Neurulation

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Neural Tube Defects INTRODUCTION Neural tube defects are congenital abnormalities of CNs that develop because of mal union of neural folds completely. It has an incidence of 300000/year over worldwide.In Pakistan it has an incidence of13.9/1000,a study done by Phushpa Gowswami,Samreen Memon,Vashdev Khimani,Farhana published on 3/7/2015.17071711. No exact data is available but in Pakistan it has a prevalence rate of 4.5/1000 total births studied by Ibrahim zaganjor.Ahila sekkarie,Beckle L,T Sang,Jennifer JoZaseph Mulinare.Hilda Razaq published on April 11,2016https//doi.org10.1371. There are 2 types of defects. Open and Closed. Open neural tube defects are most common. Open NTD occur when brain or spinal cord is exposed at birth through a hole in the skull or vertebrae. In open category included are anencephaly, encephalocele, hydrocephaly, schizocephaly, spina bifida Rare varieties are closed defects which occur when spinal defect is covered by skin. These include,meningocele, myeilomeningocle and tethered cord. There are multiple causative agents of these defects. There are genetics reasons plus environmental. There are deficient studies on genetics but multiple nutritional factors came out on front lines as their supply to pregnant ladies prevented the defects. Numerous Genetic functioning abnormality, regularity of membrane morphology is Dr. Nasreen Feroze/ Roll No. 701/2018 Page |2 [Type here] Neural Tube Defects essential for normal closing. Multifactori ...
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