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MAIN DISSERTATION Revised

MAIN DISSERTATION Revised

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Dr. Sajid Ali Khan Roll No. 652-17 MPH 1

Institute of Public Health, Lahore

Autism Spectrum Disorders abbreviated as ASDs are neuro-developmental

disorders signified by behavioral patterns characterized primarily in the initial

childhood. ASD is signified by defects in interaction and sociability, along with

the occurrence of diminished interests and peculiar compulsive, repetition

behaviors. Sociological defects comprise reduced non-verbal interaction as

for example eye-contact, gesture formation and pointing. Also an inability to

share their experiences with peers is there. Both of these cause an inability to

create reciprocating relationships with others.

Male children are implicated in ASD in a greater frequency than female

children with an approximate male: female being 4:1. The spectrum of ASD

comprises different conditions, encompassing Autistic Disorder or simply

Autism which is graded as Pervasive Developmental Disorder in the

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders abbreviated as DSM in

its Fourth Edition Revised abbreviated as DSM-IV-TR. ASD is normally

brought to diagnosis in primary childhood and persists as a life-long disability.

It is presently approximated that as much as one in eighty eight children in the

United States of America have Autism Spectrum Disorders

. This incidence

and prevalence has enhanced gradually in the past few decades. Keeping in

mind that there has been an incremental trend in the diagnosis of ASD, it is

unknown whether this is because of an absolute increase in incidence.

Medical expenses are 3 to 10 times higher for a child having ASD than a

normally developing child. A disease which normally co-exists with ASD is

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Factors Contributing towards Autism Among Children Visiting The Children Hospital and

Institute of Child Health Lahore: A Case Control Study

Dr. Sajid Ali Khan Roll No. 652-17 MPH

Institute of Public Health Lahore 2

termed as Intellectual Disability abbreviated as ID. ID is characterized in the

DSM-IV as Intelligence Quotient at par with or less than seventy and a

derangement of the adaptive functioning. ID is marked by a cognitive and

social-interaction deficit, and is usually characterized by stereotypes and

challenged attitudes and behaviors. Traditionally, ASD was believed to have

an association with ID. The long-held opinion was that up to seventy five per

cent of the children having ASD had concomitant ID. The current

epidemiological enquiries have depicted ratios of ID in ASD near to forty to

fifty per cent

. As the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders have

enhanced, there has been especially huge increase in children having ASD in

the absence of ID

. Most of the decrease in the proportion of children having

ASD along with ID over the passage of time is mostly as a consequence of

the revision and expansion of the diagnostic criteria. Epilepsy which is a

neurologic disorder marked by re-current and spontaneous seizures, is

another morbidity that mostly co-exists with the ASD. Epilepsy cases are

mostly seen to be there in thirty per cent of children having ASD, which mostly

surpasses the ratio of nearly one per cent in the whole population

Little children having ASDs demonstrate an in-ability to take part in joint

attention, a deficit in spontaneous imitation, limited reciprocating along with

imaginative roles and problems assimilating the social cues like face-

expressions. Deficiencies in their societal interactions are primarily linked to

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Autism Spectrum Disorders abbreviated as ASDs are neuro-developmental disorders signified by behavioral patterns characterized primarily in the initial childhood. ASD is signified by defects in interaction and sociability, along with the occurrence of diminished interests and peculiar compulsive, repetition behaviors. Sociological defects comprise reduced non-verbal interaction as for example eye-contact, gesture formation and pointing. Also an inability to share their experiences with peers is there. Both of these cause an inability to create reciprocating relationships with others. 1. Male children are implicated in ASD in a greater frequency than female children with an approximate male: female being 4:1. The spectrum of ASD comprises different conditions, encompassing Autistic Disorder or simply Autism which is graded as Pervasive Developmental Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders abbreviated as DSM in its Fourth Edition Revised abbreviated as DSM-IV-TR. ASD is normally brought to diagnosis in primary childhood and persists as a life-long disability. It is presently approximated that as much as one in eighty eight children in the United States of America have Autism Spectrum Disorders 1. This incidence and prevalence has enhanced gradually in the past few decades. Keeping in mind that there has been an incremental trend in the diagnosis of ASD, it is unknown whether this is because of an absolute increase in incidence. Medical expenses are ...
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