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Dr. Sajid Ali Khan Roll No. 652-17 MPH 1

Institute of Public Health, Lahore

The neurological spectrum of diseases Autism spectrum disorders which is an

umbrella term abbreviated as ASD is a group of ailments signified as

behavioral patterns characterized primarily in the initial childhood. ASD is

signified by defects in interaction and sociability, along with the occurrence of

diminished interests and peculiar compulsive, repetition behaviors.

Sociological defects comprise reduced non-verbal interaction as for example

eye-contact, gesture formation and pointing. Also an inability to share their

experiences with peers is there. Both of these cause an inability to create

reciprocating relationships with others.

Male children are implicated in ASD in a greater frequency than female

children with an approximate male: female being 4:1. The spectrum of ASD

comprises different conditions, encompassing Autism being graded as a

pervasive developmental disorder by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders which is abbreviated as DSM in its Fourth Edition Revised

abbreviated as DSM-IV-TR. ASD is normally brought to diagnosis in primary

childhood and persists as a life-long disability. It is presently approximated

that as much as one in eighty eight young ones in the US have a form of ASD

in them

. This incidence and prevalence has enhanced gradually in the past

few decades. Keeping in mind that there has been an incremental trend in the

diagnosis of ASD, it is unknown whether this is because of an absolute

increase in incidence. Medical expenses are 3 to 10 times higher for a child

having ASD than a normally developing child. A disease which normally co-

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Factors Contributing towards Autism Among Children Visiting The Children Hospital and The

Institute of Child Health Lahore: A Case Control Study

Dr. Sajid Ali Khan Roll No. 652-17 MPH

Institute of Public Health Lahore 2

exists with ASD is termed as Intellectual Disability abbreviated as ID. ID is

characterized in the DSM-IV as Intelligence Quotient at par with or less than

seventy and a derangement of the adaptive functioning. ID is marked by a

cognitive and social-interaction deficit, and is usually characterized by

stereotypes and challenged attitudes and behaviors. Traditionally, ASD was

believed to have an association with ID. The long-held opinion was that up to

seventy five per cent of the children having ASD had concomitant ID. The

current epidemiological enquiries have depicted ratios of ID in ASD near to

forty to fifty per cent

. As the prevalence of the A.S.Ds have enhanced, there

is especially huge increase demonstrated by the children having ASD in the

absence of ID

. Most of the decrease in the proportion of children having

ASD along with ID over the passage of time is mostly as a consequence of

the revision and expansion of the diagnostic criteria. Epilepsy which is a

neurologic disorder marked by re-current and spontaneous seizures, is

another morbidity that mostly co-exists with the ASD. Epilepsy cases are

mostly seen to be there in thirty per cent of children having ASD, which mostly

surpasses the ratio of nearly one per cent in the whole population

Little children having ASDs demonstrate an in-ability to take part among the

collective behaviors, a deficit in sudden copying, not much reciprocating along

with creative roles & problems assimilating the social cues like face-

expressions. Deficiencies in their societal interactions are primarily linked to

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The neurological spectrum of diseases Autism spectrum disorders which is an umbrella term abbreviated as ASD is a group of ailments signified as behavioral patterns characterized primarily in the initial childhood. ASD is signified by defects in interaction and sociability, along with the occurrence of diminished interests and peculiar compulsive, repetition behaviors. Sociological defects comprise reduced non-verbal interaction as for example eye-contact, gesture formation and pointing. Also an inability to share their experiences with peers is there. Both of these cause an inability to create reciprocating relationships with others. 1. Male children are implicated in ASD in a greater frequency than female children with an approximate male: female being 4:1. The spectrum of ASD comprises different conditions, encompassing Autism being graded as a pervasive developmental disorder by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders which is abbreviated as DSM in its Fourth Edition Revised abbreviated as DSM-IV-TR. ASD is normally brought to diagnosis in primary childhood and persists as a life-long disability. It is presently approximated that as much as one in eighty eight young ones in the US have a form of ASD in them 1. This incidence and prevalence has enhanced gradually in the past few decades. Keeping in mind that there has been an incremental trend in the diagnosis of ASD, it is unknown whether this is because of an absolute increase in incidence. Medical e ...
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