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Citation 10 VISUAL SEARCH

Citation 10 VISUAL SEARCH

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Citation 10 -- “Visual Search”

1. APA-style reference for the article

Treisman, A.M., & Gelade, G. (2000). A feature-integration theory of attention. Visual

Perception: Essential readings. (347-358.) Psychology Press

2. Goal of article: State the research questions and/or hypotheses being investigated

(What are they trying to do?) (Four sentences to one paragraph)

This visual search experiment supports the idea that feature searches are automatic and

conjunctive searches require attention from the viewer. Treisman’s (1986) feature

integration theory explained that single-feature searches are easy because they are

automatic and that attention is required when more features are added because these

items must be mentally constructed. The hypothesis of the experiment was that the items

would be easier to detect in a feature search than in a conjunctive search because,

according to Treisman’s theory, attention is needed for the latter task. Detecting a target

among distracters in the feature search is automatic—attention is not necessary. Treisman

also stated that to detect a target among two or more distracters, attention is needed to

piece together all of the features. Experiment 1 attempts to explore the possibility that

extended practice on particular shape-color conjunction could lead to a change from

serial to parallel detection,

3. List three (3) cognitive psychology terms important for the topic of the article, find

their definitions or descriptions in any CogPsy textbook (give reference) and

provide them here:

1. Interference: Occurs when competing information causes an individual to forget

something.

2. Serial Processing: Means by which information is handled through a linear sequence of

operations, one operation at a time.

3. Spatial Cognition: Refers to the acquisition, organization, and use of knowledge about

objects and actions in two and three-dimensional space.

Sternberg, R. J. & Sternberg K. (2012) Cognitive Psychology Sixth Edition. Retrieved from

http://my.stust.edu.tw/sysdata/48/27948/doc/a9f9bcd34c971811/attach/1204223.pdf

[To answer Questions 4-7, use Experiment I]

4. Describe ALL the dependent variables for the designated experiment:

a. Provide an operational definition

b. Name the units it was measured in

Reaction Time

milliseconds

5. Describe ALL the independent variables for the designated experiment:

c. Name each variable

d. List its levels

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e. State the statistical test(s) that was/were used to analyze the data

f. If there are more than one independent variable, state the factorial design

Set Size, Conjunction v. Feature

(1,5,15,30), (Positive, Negative), (Color, Shape)

Linear Regression

2x2x4

6. Describe how the experiment was conducted, i.e., what was the procedure: (4-6

sentences)

6 Participants (4 men, 2 women) participated. The stimulus cards were presented in an

Electronics development three-field tachistoscope and RT was recorded. At the

beginning of each trial the participants viewed a plain white card. The experimenter gave

a verbal “Ready” signal and pressed a button to display a second white card. They were

asked to make a key press as quickly as possible if they detected a target with their

dominant hand and with their nondominant hand otherwise. Trials in which errors were

made were repeated later on in the session. Participants were told their reaction time and

whether or not they were correct after each trial; they were not informed of the dummy

trials. Each participant was tested on both conjunctions following an ABBAAB order.

Half the participants began with the feature targets and half with the conjunction targets.

Six participants did 3 blocks consisting of 128 trials each in each condition. Two of the

participants volunteered to continue for another 4 blocks in the conjunction condition and

two for another 10 blocks, making 13 altogether and a total of 1664 trials. Within each

block the presentation order of positive and negative trials and of different display sizes

was randomized. Each block contained 16 positive and 16 negative trials for each display

size. Participants were asked to search concurrently for two targets. A different single

feature defined each target: color (blue) and a shape (S). This forced them to attend to

both dimensions in the feature condition as well as in the conjunction condition. The

distracters were identical in both conditions. The distracters were scattered over the card

in positions, which appeared random, although no randomization was used. There were

four different display sizes (1,5,15, and 30 items) that were used in each condition.

7. Identify all the main effects and interactions (if the design is factorial). Make sure

you state the main effect for EACH independent variable you named in (5):

a. Provide the statistical statement (t- or F-statement)

b. Explain each statement in plain English

.043, 99% of the variance was due to display size. Search time increased linearly with

display size in the conjunction condition.

68% of the variance for feature targets was due to display size.

96% of variance for the negatives was due to display size. The ratio of positive to

negative slopes was 0.12.

2.2% of errors in the feature condition for false positives, 2.1% for false negatives

0.8% false positive in the conjunction condition and 4.9% false negatives

5.5% mean error rate for individual participant in conjunction condition and 3.5% in

feature condition,

8. Steps or conclusions suggested by the article (One paragraph):

a. How is each research question listed in (2) answered?

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Your Name: 17 Citation 10 -- “Visual Search” 1. APA-style reference for the article Treisman, A.M., & Gelade, G. (2000). A feature-integration theory of attention. Visual Perception: Essential readings. (347-358.) Psychology Press 2. Goal of article: State the research questions and/or hypotheses being investigated (What are they trying to do?) (Four sentences to one paragraph) This visual search experiment supports the idea that feature searches are automatic and conjunctive searches require attention from the viewer. Treisman’s (1986) feature integration theory explained that single-feature searches are easy because they are automatic and that attention is required when more features are added because these items must be mentally constructed. The hypothesis of the experiment was that the items would be easier to detect in a feature search than in a conjunctive search because, a ...
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