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Anxiety Paper draft

Anxiety Paper draft

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Anxiety Paper Draft Info Topic: Benzodiazepines and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Introduction

Excessive stressing impairs the person's ability to do things rapidly and productively,

regardless of whether at home or at work. Stressing and/or worrying requires time and energy;

the related symptoms of muscle strain and feeling nervous, tiredness, difficulty focusing, and

difficulty sleeping impacts the impairment. Excessive worry may hinder the ability of persons

with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) to encourage confidence in their kids. "Generalized

anxiety disorder is associated with significant disability and distress that is independent of

comorbid disorders, and most non-institutionalized adults with the disorder are moderately to

seriously disabled." (Direct Quote) from DSM-5

ETOH has been known for its sedative properties for quite some time now. A variety of

substances, including chloral, paraldehyde, and bromides were introduced in the 19th century as

hypnotics and sedatives. These were replaced by a large range of barbiturates in the 20th century.

They were effective, however, unwanted side effects consisted of sedation, headaches,

paradoxical excitement, confusion, cognitive and psychomotor impairment and confusion in the

elderly. Barbiturates were dangerous in overdosage, especially with ETOH, and were likely to be

abused. Long-term use of barbiturates led to dependence and withdrawal responses. Recreational

use and misuse were common. Hence, barbiturates were replaced, ﬁrst by meprobamate.

However, it was also found to cause undesirable side effects such as sedation, headaches,

paradoxical excitement, confusion, cognitive and psychomotor impairment and confusion in the

elderly. Once-more, long-term use can initiate dependence with severe withdrawal reactions. So,

in turn, the immensely well-known but short-lived meprobamate was replaced by the

Benzodiazepines (BZDs).

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Discovery

The BZDs were found by Dr, Leo Sternbach. "In 1908, he received his doctoral degree in

organic chemistry at the University of Krakow." DIRECT QUOTE Dr. Sternbach started

working on the BZD class of drugs in New Jersey. Wallace Pharmaceuticals had already

developed a g-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor binding compound, meprobamate

(Miltown), which proved to have powerful tranquilizing/sedative effects, but also adverse

effects, including dependence and abuse potential. Hence, Dr. Sternbach was asked to develop

something similar but safer. He chose to turn to his past student research at Krakow into a class

of compounds eventually called BZDs, suspecting that they might act on the central nervous

system (CNS). He tested approximately 40 compounds in over 2 years which ended up being

pharmacologically idle. Despite these difficulties, in 1956 Dr. Sternbach chose to combine one of

his compounds with methylamine: he created a white crystalline powder that he called ‘Ro 5–

0690’ When he tested the agent on mice and other laboratory animals, a deﬁnite tranquilizing

effect was detected with no apparent side effects. This compound was named

methaminodiazepoxide and then changed to chlordiazepoxide (Librium). It was approved for use

in 1960. In 1963 its congener, diazepam (Valium), was introduced and became increasingly

popular. In the following years, he developed many other compounds including diazepam,

ﬂurazepam, ﬂunitrazepam and clonazepam. More than 1000 BZDs have been synthesized.

Between 1969 and 1982, diazepam was the most prescribed drug. Cite Lader……

As a class, benzodiazepines share the following properties: anxiolytic, hypnotic, sedative,

anticonvulsant, amnestic, and muscle relaxant. These effects are mediated through agonist

activity at GABA-A receptors, where endogenous GABA binding has inhibitory effects. The

utilization of benzodiazepines in clinical medicine reﬂects this mechanism and ranges from the

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Anxiety Paper Draft Info Topic: Benzodiazepines and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Introduction Excessive stressing impairs the person's ability to do things rapidly and productively, regardless of whether at home or at work. Stressing and/or worrying requires time and energy; the related symptoms of muscle strain and feeling nervous, tiredness, difficulty focusing, and difficulty sleeping impacts the impairment. Excessive worry may hinder the ability of persons with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) to encourage confidence in their kids. "Generalized anxiety disorder is associated with significant disability and distress that is independent of comorbid disorders, and most non-institutionalized adults with the disorder are moderately to seriously disabled." (Direct Quote) from DSM-5 ETOH has been known for its sedative properties for quite some time now. A variety of substances, including chloral, paraldehyde, and bromides were introduced in the 19th century as hypnotics and sedatives. These were replaced by a large range of barbiturates in the 20th century. They were effective, however, unwanted side effects consisted of sedation, headaches, paradoxical excitement, confusion, cognitive and psychomotor impairment and confusion in the elderly. Barbiturates were dangerous in overdosage, especially with ETOH, and were likely to be abused. Long-term use of barbiturates led to dependence and withdrawal responses. Recreational use and misuse were common. Hence, barbiturates we ...
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