Inclusion and exclusion criteria

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Inclusion criteria: Different criteria were used in the collection of literature, as explained below.

The first criterion was Peer-reviewed academic journal articles and books. Here, the

literature was derived from peer-reviewed academic journals for purposes of increasing the

quality of information written. Broadcasting the literature is essential in ensuring that the data

used is legitimate and was derived from remarkable sources. All the books have been written by

Bergmann and Sams, focusing on the flipped classroom in general, flipped classroom in

mathematics, and flipped classroom in elementary. Second criteria were on materials published

and distributed after the year 2000. The sources used in the literature were decent, including the

articles that were published between the years 2000 and 2017, and so were the authors, as they

used their articles to illustrate the significance of “flipped classrooms” model related to their

students. The third criteria included math educational focus. Mathematics subject was my area of

focus in the flipped classroom model. My searches were interested in flipped classrooms and

their impact on mathematics as a subject. The choice of using mathematics helped me compare

how innovation and technology are used to make results better. I included all flipped classroom

articles that discussed any subject in Saudi Arabia. The fourth criterion addressed elementary,

secondary; university levels (K-21). This literature review explored the teaching of mathematics

in elementary, secondary, and university institutions. This allowed me to concentrate on the

instructors within this primary environment. Finally, the focus was on the language. This

literature review included English articles so that I can easily comprehend the data.

Exclusion criteria: The research materials that did not meet the requirements of the research

(classified under the following criteria) were omitted, as they were not eligible for the study.

The first category was subjected other than math. My focus was only based on

mathematics as a subject. This is because including many subjects in the study would expand the

research too broadly. At the elementary level, I included a literature review of any subject that

has a basis in the flipped classroom due to the shortage of research articles on the subject at the

level. The other remaining levels shall mainly focus on mathematics subject. The second

category included materials distribution before the year 2000. The flipped classroom idea was

first practiced in the year 2000 as an inverted classroom (Lage, Platt, & Treglia, 2000). The

purpose of the inverted classroom, however, became outdated or discarded in modern schools.

The final criteria were a foreign language. The article was not written in English, and I did not

want to translate any language. Interpreting would lead to misinterpretation of information; thus,

small mistakes made during translation may lessen the validity of the literature.

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Inclusion criteria: Different criteria were used in the collection of literature, as explained below. The first criterion was Peer-reviewed academic journal articles and books. Here, the literature was derived from peer-reviewed academic journals for purposes of increasing the quality of information ...
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