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Biology Discussion Chemical Defense

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Allied College Maryland Heights
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Biology Discussion-Chemical Defense
In the video, Davenport (2015) gives examples of chemical reactions from three insects
when triggered by an enemy. The first is the bombardier beetle within a beetle which contains
chemical weapon sprayed to potential predators. Through an x-ray, scientists found hydrogen
peroxide and p-hydroquinone as some of the components of the spray. When threatened, a beetle
squeezes droplets of the spray from its reservoir to its reaction chamber where a reaction
produces p-benzoquinones with enough heat to vaporize water. It is with the spray that a beetle
protects itself from enemies. The second one is the fall armyworm. The armyworm eats from
plants that have been sprayed with pesticides containing molecules called benzoxazinoid. Plants
normally store the molecules in a benign form attached to beta-D-glucose sugar. When a pant
senses the worm, it secrets an enzyme that takes the sugar off, thus exposing the poisonous
compound. Fall armyworms counteract by producing enzymes that re-attach the sugar hence the
toxic compound is no longer exposed. The final insect is the tawny crazy ants. When the ants are
exposed to fire and venom, they release their own poison, formic acid that neutralize the burning
venom.
Apart from insects, birds are also involved in chemical defense. An example is the blue-
capped ifrit which stores poison in its wings. Interestingly, the bird does not produce the poison
but instead embezzles it from its food. It consumes Choresine beetles which contain high levels
of homobatrachotoxins which is a type of batrachotoxins (Röder et al, 2016). By ingesting the
poisonous beetles, the bird assimilates the batrachotoxins in its feathers and skin. It then uses the
poison to ward off free-loading parasites and potential predators. Notably, batrachotoxins is one
of the most dangerous naturally occurring toxins. It is known to cause fatal diseases such as
arrhythmia and cardiac arrest.

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1 Biology Discussion-Chemical Defense In the video, Davenport (2015) gives examples of chemical reactions from three insects when triggered by an enemy. The first is the bombardier beetle within a beetle which contains chemical weapon sprayed to potential predators. Through an x-ray, scientists found hydrogen peroxide and p-hydroquinone as some of the components of the spray. When threatened, a beetle squeezes droplets of the spray from its reservoir to its reaction chamber where a reaction produces p-benzoquinones with enough heat to vaporize water. It is with the spray that a beetle protect ...
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