In this exercise, you'll explore an essential aspect of being human--walking on two legs.Review the information from Chapter 9 concerning bipedality. View the following short video: When We First Walked (Links to an external site.).View this interactive display on the origins of bipedalism from NOVA Science (Links to an external site.). **NOTE--The interactive format is no longer working because it relies on Flash. Click on the Printable Version instead. Once you review the above material, answer the four questions below. please number your answers. Questions:1. What specific parts of the skeleton are most important in assessing whether a fossil form was bipedal?2. Based on the evidence from fossils and paleoenvironmental reconstruction, how did Ardi (Ardipithecus ramidus) use bipedalism? How did it differ from how we walk bipedally? 3. According to the video, what is the savanna hypothesis and why is it becoming discredited?4. List some of the advantages and disadvantages of bipedalism.

Read and review the following Case Study, “Mexton Machines Company.” Any graphs or plots, such as decision trees, equations, or tables, which are included in an answer, should be generated on a computer using a spreadsheet.Case Study – Mexton Machines CompanyIt is January 2003 and you have just been given an international consulting assignment with the Mexton Machines Company located in England. Your job is to assist the company with their decision problem using decision analysis methods.The Mexton Machines Company was founded in the 1950's on an old RAF airfield in the East Midlands of England. Originally, the company produced a range of small machines and tools for industry, but it expanded rapidly during the 60's and early 70's and acquired interests in industrial paint manufacture, pre-fabricated garages and building materials. New production units were opened in Leicestershire, Yorkshire and Bristol and the Head Office was moved to Loughborough. However, the company fared badly during the recession of the early 1980's. The paint manufacturing side of the business was scaled down and prefabricated garage production ceased.In 1996 a new management team took over and it was decided that the company should diversify into the consumer goods market. A range of products was developed for the DIY enthusiast including an electric drill and a car engine tuner. These are sold through the major DIY chains and hardware stores. To date, the products have been fairly successful, though sales are still small when compared with more established firms in this market. They also form only a relatively small part of the company's total turnover, as shown below:Product GroupSales (£m)19981999200020012002*Industrial Machinery32.424.836.833.634.4Paint14.413.212.411.610.4Building Materials25.226.026.828.830.0Consumer Goods01.22.43.64.4 * = provisionalThe company is now (January 2003) considering the development of gardening tools and equipment and, as a first step, a detailed plan has been put forward to produce an electric lawnmower (code named the L5). Market research has suggested that consumers make their decisions in this market on the basis of price, convenience, safety and the presence of features such as a grass collecting box and an edge trimmer. Taking this market research information into account, an outline design has been formulated. This includes a processor that will precisely control the height of the blades on uneven lawns and an electronic voice that announces when the grass collecting box is full. Now a decision has to be made on whether the project should be continued. The market research and development of the design has already cost £2.5 million.If a decision to continue is made, it is hoped that a successful prototype can be developed by December 2003. The company's chief engineer, David Castle, has estimated that there is a 75% chance that the December target could be achieved and that research and development costs would amount to about £8 million. If the target is not achieved, the company will review the situation in January 2004. It could decide to abandon the entire project or to allow further work on the prototype. Castle estimates that modification of an unsuccessful prototype would cost around £6.4 million and the modifications would take an additional year to implement. He is, however, sure that all problems would be overcome by December 2004.The company also has to consider possible locations for the production of the L5. The list of possible sites has now been reduced to two: Wiltham in West Yorkshire would be a new site for the company, while an existing, but unused, factory at Eastoak aerodrome in Leicestershire could be converted for L5 production.The Wiltham site is an old textile mill which has been closed for two years. The site can be purchased immediately for £6 million. It is thought, however, that there is a 20% chance that the site will still be available in one year's time for the same price, though it is unlikely that the site will still be available in two years’ time. Equipping the mill, which would not commence until the prototype had been successfully developed, would cost an additional £4 million. Because of the age of the buildings, and the need to carry out renovation work, it would take a year before the equipment could be installed. This means that, if a successful prototype was developed within a year, production could commence in January 2005. However, if the prototype development took two years, production could not commence at Wiltham until January 2006. The site is relatively small and could only cope with production of an estimated 50,000 lawn mowers per year. However, there are warehousing and transportation facilities and the availability of skilled labor force locally. The site is located 20 miles from the M1 motorway and 15 miles from the M62.Converting the existing site at Eastoak would involve the construction of some new buildings. The conversion would take a year and would cost about £24 million, but a decision to go ahead with conversion would not be taken until a successful prototype had been developed. This again means that production would commence in January 2005 if the prototype was successfully developed within a year. However, if the prototype took two years to develop, production could not commence until January 2006. If the site is converted, it is anticipated that it would have a capacity to produce 166,000 lawnmowers per year. The site is 14 miles from the M1 motorway.Sales of the L5 would be supported by a major advertising campaign in newspapers and local television, especially in the first few months after its launch. In order to estimate the sales that would result, extensive use has been made of market research, economic and industry-wide data. To simplify the problem, the management team has decided to estimate sales under two different market conditions: Good and Poor. These conditions can be assumed to prevail through the entire life of the product. The probabilities of these conditions prevailing are thought to depend to some extent on how quickly the product can be launched since an early launch will give Mexton an edge over any potential competitors.The Marketing Department has estimated the following probabilities:Market Conditions PrevailingMonth Production CommencesGoodPoorJanuary 20050.70.3January 20060.40.6It has been decided to use a 6 year planning horizon (i.e. up to December 2008) since technological developments would probably mean that a new model would be required for the market for later years. The tables below show the estimated net cash flows which will occur during the years of the product's life. These tables exclude cash flows relating to purchase or value of buildings or installation of equipment. In arriving at these estimates, it has been assumed that, because the Wiltham site can only cope with a relatively small volume of production, net cash flows generated by production at this site will be largely unaffected by market conditions.If production is at Wiltham: Net Cash flow in product's 1st year £16m 2nd year £16m 3rd year £16m 4th year £16m * * if applicableIf production is at Eastoak: Market Conditions Good Poor Net Cash flow in product's 1st year £24m £8m 2nd year £24m £8m 3rd year £24m £8m 4th year £24m* £8m * if applicableAt the end of 2008 it has been estimated that the Wiltham site would have a value of £16m, while the Eastoak factory would have a value of £32m. In the event of the Wiltham site being disposed of without being equipped (because of the abandonment of the project after the failure of the prototype) it can be expected to be sold for its original price of £6m. The company's cost of capital is estimated to be 10%. For simplicity; it can be assumed that all cash flows occur at the end of the year. Also, the effect of factors like taxation and development grants should be ignored.Problem #1 (50 points)Apply decision analysis to the decision problem facing Mexton Machines Company and advise the company on their decision problem. Clearly state any assumptions you have made. The approximate length of the response should be 300 words.Problem #2 (50 points)Discuss in detail the strengths and weaknesses of your analysis in the context of the problem faced by Mexton Machines Company. The length of the response should be 400 words or more.