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Comparative Molecular Pathology, Immunological Characteristics, Pathogenicity and Genetic of

SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and other Coronaviruses

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Credentials and Address of Author(s)

Abstract

The aberrant cytokine storms due to immune dysfunction is associated with rapid exacerbation of

infection in the late phases of infection for both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections.

Immunopathology mechanisms for these infections present underlying approaches that are not

clearly understood, which is vital in vaccine development and production of anti-viral drug

design and metabolism. The emerging threats of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

pandemic associated with SARS-CoV-2 virus infection could be understood better by focusing

on immunological and pathological studies. Findings revealed that SARS-CoV-2 has a high

genetically homologous to the previously identified coronavirus called SARS-CoV with the

infection demonstrating similar clinical outcomes. Immunological and pathogenesis

characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV with MERS demonstrate some key similarities

and differences that can be used in developing interventions. From the findings, there is a

common and strong correlation between clinical prognosis and disease outcomes for the three

coronaviruses. Most of the existing studies reviewed regarding the three coronaviruses have

significantly demonstrated close interaction in the infection and immunological mechanisms.

Further studies should focus on evaluating in-depth pathological and Immunological responses in

humans as an effective approach to a better understanding of its immunological characteristics

and interactions.

Keywords: immunology, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV

Introduction

The devastating fact that zoonotic diseases are attributed to coronavirus strains came into

public realization in 2003 after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. From this

realization, scientists and public health officials raised concerns over health threats linked to

these strains posed on human population (1, 2). Studies conducted on coronavirus strains have

identified at least six strains of human Covs with three (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-

CoV-2) of these strains being considered highly pathogenic and having systematic symptoms on

human targets (3-5). The three strains of coronaviruses are likely to trigger human-related severe

pneumonia and systematic symptoms. These viruses show similar gnomonic composition, host

clinical manifestation, and route of infection transmission. The current pandemic linked to

SARS-CoV-2 has clear similarities with SARS (3,5,6). The Internal Committee on Taxonomy of

Viruses also designed the pandemic linked to SARS-CoV-2 with clear symptoms linked to

SARS (2,7). Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) defines the pandemic to be as

a result of Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19) (2). There are unprecedented challenges on a

global scale as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic with more than 19 million confirmed cases of

infection in over 200 countries with a fatality rate ranging between 1.4% and 6.9%. Patients in

critical care, fatality rate is as high as 49% (3,8). Fortunately, there is a significant breakthrough

in vaccine development with several vaccines being administered globally for protection against

the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

SARS-CoV-2 has a corona-like structure evaluated when one is using an electron

microscope with the virus demonstrating a cellular entry mechanism in a host with SARS-CoV

that was reported to bind itself in human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor via

surface protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) (9-11). On the other hand, MERS-CoV was

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1 Comparative Molecular Pathology, Immunological Characteristics, Pathogenicity and Genetic of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and other Coronaviruses Authors Institution Credentials and Address of Author(s) Abstract The aberrant cytokine storms due to immune dysfunction is associated with rapid exacerbation of infection in the late phases of infection for both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections. Immunopathology mechanisms for these infections present underlying approaches that are not clearly understood, which is vital in vaccine development and production of anti-viral drug design and metabolism. The emerging threats of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic associated with SARS-CoV-2 virus infection could be understood better by focusing on immunological and pathological studies. Findings revealed that SARS-CoV-2 has a high genetically homologous to the previously identified coronavirus called SARS-CoV with the infection demonstrating similar clinical outcomes. Immunological and pathogenesis characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV with MERS demonstrate some key similarities and differences that can be used in developing interventions. From the findings, there is a common and strong correlation between clinical prognosis and disease outcomes for the three coronaviruses. Most of the existing studies reviewed regarding the three coronaviruses have significantly demonstrated close interaction in the infection and immunological mechanisms. Further studies should f ...
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