HST 276 Week 3 Worksheet

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HST 276

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Week 3 Worksheet

HST/276 Version 2

University of Phoenix Material

Week 3 Worksheet

As you read this week’s required materials, complete this worksheet. This is a multipage assignment;

double-check that you completed each page before submitting.

Part I: Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences.

1. Reformation Germany and Switzerland

a. The Reformation began in German and Swiss imperia cities , small city-states within the

Holy Roman Empire. Initially, the Reformation’s supporters were those with a history of

catholism with authorities. Many towns had complaints against mismanagement or other

inappropriate behavior among their bishops, abbots, or prelates, who had bullied their

benefices.

b. The Northern Renaissance, a movement of humanists from more diverse social

backgrounds than their Italian counterparts, was more committed to religious reform

than other humanist movements were.

c. Martin Luther’s 95 Theses, posted in 1517 in protest of indulgences and other disputes

with the Roman Church, became a focus for humanists and reformers. Luther’s capacity for

free action was enhanced by the distraction caused by the election of the new Holy Roman

Emperor, Charles I of Spain ; concessions made by the new emperor during his

campaign; Luther’s allies who hid him in 1521 and 1522; and attacks against the Hapsburg

holdings. When German peasants rebelled, demanding economic and spiritual equality and

an end to serfdom, Luther sided against the peasants , calling them un-

Christian.

d. The success of Protestants in Germany led to reforms like compulsory education, humanist

revisions of curriculum, and instruction for lay people about catechetical instruction .

From Germany, Lutheranism spread in the first half of the 16th century to Poland, Denmark,

and Sweden .

e. The city of Zurich became the center of the Swiss reformation because of the efforts of

a popular priest, Ulrick Zwingli , who opposed practices that were not specifically

written in scripture. His disagreement with Luther about the nature of the bread and wine in

the Eucharist prevented a unified Protestant movement.

f. The early movement for adult baptism and withdrawal from society to form a more perfect

community–called Anabaptists –was condemned by the pope, Lutherans, and

Zwinglians, but found adherents among the rural poor.

g. In Geneva, John Calyin led a reform movement focused on creating a godly society.

He taught the godly transubstantiation , those predestined for salvation.

h. In the late 16th century, the Holy Roman Empire was highly Catholic/Calvinism

among highly independent Lutheran, leaders , and Catholic realms, in contrast to

unified nations like Spain, England, or France. The most destructive of the wars of religion,

the 30 year war , ravaged the empire from 1618 to 1648. The Treaty of Westphalia,

which ended this war, granted legal recognition to Calvinists and recognized the

independence of the United Provinces of Holland and Germany . The German

states of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia emerged from this war as the most important

early modern German powers.

2. Tudor England

Week 3 Worksheet

HST/276 Version 2

a. In the late 1520s and early 1530s, King Henry of England sought to annul his marriage

to Catherine of Aragon, aunt of Emperor Charles V , because he did not have a male

heir. Pope Clement VII, who was being held prisoner by Emperor Charles V , denied the

annulment. Parliament, the king, and his Lutheran ministers Thomas Cranmer and

gradually seized more power away from the pope. In 1533, the king married Anne Boleyn

, and in 1534, Parliament named the king as head of the Church of England in the

b. King Henry , who ruled England from 1509 to 1547, refused to implement English

policies like allowing clergy to marry or denying transubstantiation. His son, Edward VI ,

imposed many Protestant reforms between 1547 and 1553. His successor and half-sister,

Mary Tudor , restored Catholicism and relations with the pope. Upon her death in 1558,

took the throne and repealed her half-sister’s anti- religious laws in a compromise that

tolerated Catholicism and encouraged the Protestant Church of England, but discouraged

who sought to purge the Church of England of all Catholic traditions.

c. In the 1570s, England signed a mutual defense agreement with France and encouraged

piracy against Spanish ships. Elizabeth I’s decision to execute Mary Stuart, Queen of

Scots, a puritan rival, was the final reason for the Kingdom of Spain to attack

England. The invasion Armada numbered 130 ships, but English and Dutch ships were

victorious and sank or captured more than one third of the fleet.

3. Spain and Portugal: 1400-1650

a. Portugal’s Prince Henry “the navigator” captured the African city of Ceuta , near

the straits between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, from the Moors. Following

this capture, Portuguese sailors and traders mapped the African coast, seeking first gold and

slaves from West Africa and, later, a sea route to Asia to acquire spices. The

Portuguese expedition led by Vasco de Gama reached India in 1498.

b. Christopher Columbus sought to find a shorter sea route to East Indies by sailing west.

Instead, in 1492, Columbus discovered the Americas , although he believed at the time

that he was in the Japanese islands. Explorers Amerigo Vespucci and Ferdinand Magellan

followed, mapping the coastline of South America .

c. King Charles I of Spain, a Hapsburg, succeeded his grandfather as Holy Roman

Emperor Charles V in 1519, combining in his hands authority over the Netherlands,

Spain, portions of Italy, and much of Central Europe. Wars with England and the

French absorbed much of the emperor’s time and resources.

d. Wealth from English colonies in the Americas financed the kingdom’s role in religious

and political struggles. King Philip II led these efforts, joining in the Holy League with

Venice and the pope to defeat Ottoman forces at Lepanto in 1571. His wars against

Calvinists in the Netherlands, Protestant Elizabeth I in England, and Protestant principalities

in Germany weakened the empire before finally ending with the Treaty of Westphalia in

1648.

4. Colonial Brazil

a. Portugal’s claims in Brazil were confirmed by the pope’s 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas ,

which divided the Spanish and Portuguese empires with a single line through the Atlantic.

b. The indigenous peoples of Brazil were nomadic groups and did not form large,

centralized empires like those of the Inca or Aztec. Because of the lack of indigenous peoples

for a workforce, Portuguese colonists imported more Africans as slaves than most other

colonies did. Portugal’s relatively small population reduced governance from Europe, and

instead the crown relied on granting land to private individuals to govern and exploit

territory.

c. Brazil’s early economy was based on sugar plantations and slave labor. A gold

rush in the late 1600s brought many Portuguese immigrants to the southern part of

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Week 3 Worksheet HST/276 Version 2 1 University of Phoenix Material Week 3 Worksheet As you read this week’s required materials, complete this worksheet. This is a multipage assignment; double-check that you completed each page before submitting. Part I: Fill in the Blanks Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences. 1. Reformation Germany and Switzerland a. The Reformation began in German and Swiss imperia cities , small city-states within the Holy Roman Empire. Initially, the Reformation’s supporters were those with a history of catholism with authorities. Many towns had complaints against mismanagement or other inappropriate behavior among their bishops, abbots, or prelates, who had bullied their benefices. b. The Northern Renaissance, a movement of humanists from more diverse social backgrounds than their Italian counterparts, was more committed to religious reform than other humanist movements were. c. Martin Luther’s 95 Theses, posted in 1517 in protest of indulgences and other disputes with the Roman Church, became a focus for humanists and reformers. Luther’s capacity for free action was enhanced by the distraction caused by the election of the new Holy ...
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Tags: imperia cities Inappropriate Behavior Northern Renaissance Italian counterparts movement of humanists