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Review of Biosensors
Biosensors and Bioelectronics 25 (2009) 661667
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Biosensors and Bioelectronics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bios
Review
Detection of microorganisms using biosensorsA smarter way towards detection techniques
Madhura Nayak 1 , Akhil Kotian 1 , Sandhya Marathe 1 , Dipshikha Chakravortty
Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology
and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Along with useful microorganisms, there are some that cause potential damage to the animals
and plants. Detection and identification of these harmful organisms in a cost and time effective
way is a challenge for the researchers. The future of detection methods for microorganisms shall
be guided by biosensor, which has already contributed enormously in sensing and detection
technology. Here, we aim to review the use of various biosensors, developed by integrating the
biological and physicochemical/mechanical properties (of tranducers), which can have enormous
implication in healthcare, food, agriculture and biodefence. We have also highlighted the ways to
improve the functioning of the biosensor. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Article history: Received 8 July 2009 Received in revised form 22 August 2009 Accepted 25
August 2009 Available online 31 August 2009 Keywords: Biosensors Microorganisms
Biodefence Agriculture Healthcare
Contents 1. 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . Biosensors and their application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.
Biosensors in healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Biosensors for
food and water borne microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. Biosensors in agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4. Biosensors in defence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . Ways to improve the functioning of biosensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future
prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 662 662 663 664
664 666 666 666 667
3. 4.
1. Introduction Microorganisms (bacteria) since time immemorial have been an integral part of
our life on earth. The property of microorganisms to multiply rapidly has been exploited to
produce diverse range of products since ancient time. However, some microorganisms cause
diseases that have disastrous effects on humans and can cause widespread damage. The ability of
some microorganisms to evolve rapidly allows them to adapt and grow under stressful
conditions. With this property of microorganisms and the advances in genetic engineering
technology, the use of these harmful microbes to cause intentional damage to the life and
property cannot be ruled out. Under such a scenario the control measures that we currently
possess, seem time-consuming and inappropriate. The best emerging technology to counteract
this problem is the use of biosensors that provide us with a tool to rapidly detect the presence and
amount of microorganisms in any given environment. International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) defines biosensor as a “device that uses specific biochemical reactions
mediated by isolated enzymes, immunosystems, tissues, organelles or whole cells to detect
chemical compounds usually by electrical, thermal or optical signals”.
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 80 23133142/86; fax: +91 80 23602697. E-mail address:
dipa@mcbl.iisc.ernet.in (D. Chakravortty). 1 These authors have contributed equally. 0956-
5663/$ see front matter © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.bios.2009.08.037

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Review of Biosensors Biosensors and Bioelectronics 25 (2009) 661–667 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biosensors and Bioelectronics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bios Review Detection of microorganisms using biosensors—A smarter way towards detection techniques Madhura Nayak 1 , Akhil Kotian 1 , Sandhya Marathe 1 , Dipshikha Chakravortty ∗ Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Along with useful microorganisms, there are some that cause potential damage to the animals and plants. Detection and identification of these harmful organisms in a cost and time effective way is a challenge for the researchers. The future of detection methods for microorganisms shall be guided by biosensor, which has already contributed enormously in sensing and detection technology. Here, we aim to review the use of various biosensors, developed by integrating the biological and physicochemical/mechanical properties (of tranducers), which can have enormous implication in healthcare, food, agriculture and biodefence. We have also highlighted the ways to improve the functioning of the biosensor. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 8 July 2009 Received in revised form 22 August 2009 Accepted 25 August 2009 Available online 31 August 2009 Keywords: Biosensors Microorg ...
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