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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PERIODIC TABLE 1.1. History of Periodic table The periodic table (PT) is the most useful tool to a chemist. It organizes lots of information about all the known elements. Pre-PT chemistry was a mess because of lack of organization. In the modern PT (shown in the following figure), the elements are arranged in rows by increasing atomic numbers (based on modern periodic law by Mosley). The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7. The vertical columns are called groups and are labeled from 1 to 18. Figure 1.1.1. Long form of Periodic table 1.1.2. Classification of elements in Periodic table Besides dividing the PT into groups and periods, the PT elements are also classified based on different aspects. 1 A.Based on valence electron in different orbitals The elements are divided into four blocks ,s block elements, consisting of groups 1A and 2A (left side of periodic table), p block consisting of groups 3A to 8A (right side of PT), d block consisting of all the transition elements (between the s and p block) and the f block elements consisting of the lanthanides and actinides (below main body of PT). Figure 1.1.2. PT showing s, p, d and f blocks f-block elements are placed below to just keep the shape of the PT B.Based on their conductivity nature The elements are divided into metals, non-metals and metalloids. 2 Figure 1.1.3. PT showing metals, non-metals and metalloids The elements which conduct electricity are metals, whi ...
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