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Types of Court Cases
Introduction Paragraph
The Constitution and Congress determine the type of cases that courts in the United
States rule on. The outcome of cases differs and aim to adhere to the provisions of the
constitution. The present essay will look at Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, Scott
v. Sandford, Schenck v. US, Tinker v. Des Moines and Mapp v. Ohio and the role they played in
strengthening, limiting or expanding the powers and rights of individuals and organizations.
Strength Cases
Marbury v. Madison
The Marbury v. Madison ruled that the Supreme Court of the US had the power of
judicial review. By definition, judicial review refers to the power of determining if a legislation
passed by Congress is constitutional or not(Hartman et al. 39). In Marbury, the Supreme Court
was strengthened to have the power to declare legislations passed by Congress as null and void if
according to the Court, they were in violation of the Constitution.
McCulloch v. Maryland
In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court ruling gave Congress implied powers, as
provided by the Necessary and Proper Clause, to establish the Second Bank of the United States.
The state of Maryland did not have the power to tax the instruments the national government
employed to execute constitutional powers (Hartman et al. 76). McCulloch v. Maryland is a
strength case because Congress was given discretionary powers in implementing enumerated
powers.
Limitation Cases
Scott v. Sandford
Scott v. Sandford was decided in 1857 by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruling
held that Americans who were of African descent, regardless of being free or slaves, could not be
regarded as American citizens and hence lacked the right to sue in federal court (Hartman et al.
70). Scott v. Sandford qualifies as a limitation case as it curtailed the rights of African Americans
and withdrew Congress power to ban slavery within U.S. territories.
Schenck v. United States
Schenck v. United States case was ruled by the US Supreme Court in 1919 during World
War I. In a unanimous ruling, the Court held that freedom of speech that is protected by the US
Constitution in the First Amendment in some circumstances could be restricted in case the

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words, either spoken or printed, were of clear and present danger to society (Hartman et al. 55).
The ruling in Schenck v. United States limited the protections offered by the Constitution during
times of war.
Expansion Cases
Tinker v. Des Moines
In Tinker v. De Moines, the1969 Supreme Court ruling held that students did not abandon
their constitutional rights of freedom of expression and speech ones they entered schools
(Hartman et al. 39). The ruling expanded the rights of students and suppression of freedoms of
the First Amendments could only be justified when actions materially and considerably
negatively influenced school operations.
Mapp v. Ohio
In this landmark court ruling, the Supreme Court in Mapp v. Ohio declared that any
evidence obtained by illegal searches and seizures that were in violation of the Fourth
Amendment were inadmissible in court (Hartman et al. 39). The ruling expanded the Fourth
Amendment to include the requirement of eliminating evidence obtained by means of violating
the constitution.
Conclusion
The types of cases heard and ruled by courts in the United States achieve different
outcomes. Court rulings can strengthen, limit or expand rights and powers of individuals and
organizations. The present essay focuses on six landmark cases in the United States that
strengthened, hindered and advanced the rights of parties.

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SURNAME 1 Student: Professor: Course: Date: Types of Court Cases Introduction Paragraph The Constitution and Congress determine the type of cases that courts in the United States rule on. The outcome of cases differs and aim to adhere to the provisions of the constitution. The present essay will look at Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, Scott v. Sandford, Schenck v. US, Tinker v. Des Moines and Mapp v. Ohio and the role they played in strengthening, limiting or expanding the powers and rights of individuals and organizations. Strength Cases Marbury v. Madison The Marbury v. Madison ruled that the Supreme Court of the US had the power of judicial review. By definition, judicial review refers to the power of determining if a legislation passed by Congress is constitutional or not(Hartman et al. 39). In Marbury, the Supreme Court was strengthened to have the power to declare legis ...
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