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Revision Questions on Arterial Hemodynamics, Anatomy and Physiology
1) Discuss the physiologic process behind blood flow in the human body. What makes it
possible?
Blood flow in the human body is controlled by numerous principles involved in gas flow,
river flow and electrical current. For blood flow to occur, fluid energy gradient must be at
optimum pressure to enable the flow. The resistance created by the surface area of the blood
vessels along its length affects the pressure gradient. In systole, the thoracic aorta and left
ventricle have the highest pressure in the arterial system. In a garden horse, resistance of the
surface area of the hose affects the pressure gradient of the water such that the pressure is highest
at the faucet and is less at the exit. Similarly, intra-arterial pressure is higher close to the heart
(proximally) as compared to the distal pressure. Due to peripheral resistance in the distal
vascular beds, the distal arterial pressure is higher than the diastole proximal arterial pressure.
2) Name and describe the two types of laminar flow. How are they related to friction?
Laminar flow refers to the flow of fluids in parallel layers in a stream manner such that
there are no disruptions between layers. Laminar flow can be parabolic or plug flow. Plug flow
occur when the pressure of blood flow accelerates during systole and at the entrance of the blood
vessel. In plug flow, the spectral width is similar among all the blood cells because velocity
remains relatively the same during transport. The acceleration of blood pressure implies reduced
diameter of blood vessels thus causing higher friction. Parabolic flow pattern occurs at end

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systole and throughout diastole. In this type of flow, there are wide variations in the velocity of
the reflective red blood cells leading to a wider spectrum. In parabolic flow, friction changes as
the diameter of the blood vessels changes. In areas with larger diameters and consequent lower
blood pressure, the friction is lower.
3) Define helical flow and give an example of where it can be frequently found.
Helical flow occurs in bifurcations particularly the carotid artery bifurcations. Helical
flow is a type of disrupted flow patterns that may exists in blood flows. Helical flow may
include reverse flows which can be seen in the bulb opposite the septum of external carotid
artery. Reverse flow can be witnessed in rivers downstream with the widening of the river.
4) Describe the components that contribute to turbulent flow. How are they related to friction?
Turbulent flow occurs when velocity increases in flow streams thus leading to cross
currents and small eddies. Turbulent flow is influenced by viscosity, density of fluid and
diameter of the blood vessel. Since viscosity and density of blood is fairly constant, velocity and
vessel diameter influence turbulence the most. Turbulent flow occurs in areas with high blood
pressure and this translates to higher frictions.
5) Define Poiseuille’s Law. What does it tell us about flow?
Poiseuille’s law explains the relationship between blood flow, viscosity, pressure gradient
and radius and length of tube. The law only applies to flow in incomprehensible vessels though a
cylindrical tube with constant diameter and uniform liquid viscosity. Poiseuille’s law tells us that
when a normal person without any peripheral arterial diseases exercises, the systolic pressure in
ankles and legs should remain relatively the same as during rest. This is because of vasodilation
that occurs in arterioles during exercise which occurs simultaneously with a decrease in
peripheral resistance.

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Surname 1 Student’s name Professor’s name Course Date of submission Revision Questions on Arterial Hemodynamics, Anatomy and Physiology 1) Discuss the physiologic process behind blood flow in the human body. What makes it possible? Blood flow in the human body is controlled by numerous principles involved in gas flow, river flow and electrical current. For blood flow to occur, fluid energy gradient must be at optimum pressure to enable the flow. The resistance created by the surface area of the blood vessels along its length affects the pressure gradient. In systole, the thoracic aorta and left ventricle have the highest pressure in the arterial system. In a garden horse, resistance of the surface area of the hose affects the pressure gradient of the water such that the pressure is highest at the faucet and is less at the exit. Similarly, intra-arterial pressure is higher close to the heart (proximally) as compared to the distal pressure. Due to peripheral resistance in the distal vascular beds, the distal arterial pressure is higher than the diastole proximal arterial pressure. 2) Name and describe the two types of laminar flow. How are they related to friction? Laminar flow refers to the flow of fluids in parallel layers in a stream manner such that there are no disruptions between layers. Laminar flow can be parabolic or plug flow. Plug flow occur when the pressure of blood flow accelerates during systole and at the entrance of the blood vessel. In plug flow, the spect ...
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