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Nursing Care Planning Resource Medical Surgical, Pediatric, Maternity, and Psychiatric Mental HealthAll In One Care Planning...

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Pneumonia OVERVIEW/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Pneumonia is an acute bacterial or viral infection that causes inflammation of the lung parenchyma (alveolar spaces and interstitial tissue). As a result of the inflammation involved, lung tissue becomes edematous and air spaces fill with exudate (consolidation), gas exchange cannot occur, and nonoxygenated blood is shunted into the vascular system, causing hypoxemia. Bacterial pneumonias involve all or part of a lobe, whereas viral pneumonias appear diffusely throughout the lungs. Influenza, which can cause pneumonia, is the most serious viral airway infection for adults. Patients older than 50 yr, residents of extended care facilities, and individuals with chronic health conditions have the highest mortality rate from influenza. Pneumonias generally are classified into two types: community acquired and hospital associated (nosocomial). A third type is pneumonia in the immunocompromised individual. Community acquired: The most common. Individuals with community-acquired pneumonia generally do not require hospitalization unless an underlying medical condition, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiac disease, or diabetes mellitus, or an immunocompromised state complicates the illness. Hospital associated (nosocomial): Nosocomial pneumonias usually occur following aspiration of oropharyngeal flora or stomach contents in an individual whose resistance is altered or whose coughing mechanisms are impaired (e.g., a patient w ...
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