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Rung head: AN ANTPLANT BY-PRODUCT MUTUALISM 1
AN ANTPLANT BY-PRODUCT MUTUALISM
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AN ANTPLANT BY-PRODUCT MUTUALISM 2
An antplant byproduct mutualism is robust to selective logging
of rain forest and conversion to oil palm plantation
Background
The purpose of the article was to identify the beneficial relationship that exists
between ants and other plants with both either trading for housing, food, protection or
seed dispersal. These relationships are more evidenced in in environments that are
prone to massive degradation (Fayle et al., 2015). The study focused on ant-epiphyte
interaction which is widespread across primary forests to logged forest and palm
habitants in Malaysian Borneo and the southeast part of Asia. The area characterized
by the rising rate of deforestation, which is fueled, to a large extent by oil palm
plantations.
Birds nest ferns provide with habitat two ants while the ants provide protection to
ferns. Because the roots mass is not sealed off or divided, ferns are not capable of
offering direct housing to the mutualistic beneficial ants (Parasites of mutualisms, 2001).
This aspect contradicts to plants that provide housing needs to ant partners because
they have enclosed features, can direct benefits to by either punishing or rewarding the
ant groups depending on the behaviors they show. Sorting and classification in the oil
palm plantations are attributed to affect bird's nest branches in multiple ways.
Methodology
Bird nest ferns were gathered between in the two months' time (may and June) in
three locations namely; Sabah, Malaysia Borneo (primary forest in Dunum Valley), the
nearby forest that had been selectively registered in 1988 and fully grown palm

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Rung head: AN ANT–PLANT BY-PRODUCT MUTUALISM AN ANT–PLANT BY-PRODUCT MUTUALISM Student’s Name Professor’s Name Course Title Date 1 AN ANT–PLANT BY-PRODUCT MUTUALISM 2 An ant–plant by‑product mutualism is robust to selective logging of rain forest and conversion to oil palm plantation Background The purpose of the article was to identify the beneficial relationship that exists between ants and other plants with both either trading for housing, food, protection or seed dispersal. These relationships are more evidenced in in environments that are prone to massive degradation (Fayle et al., 2015). The study focused on ant-epiphyte interaction which is widespread across primary forests to logged forest and palm habitants in Malaysian Borneo and the southeast part of Asia. The area characterized by the rising rate of deforestation, which is fueled, to a large extent by oil palm plantations. Birds nest ferns provide with habitat two ants while the ants provide protection to ferns. Because the roots mass is not sealed off or divided, ferns are not capable of offering direct housing to the mutualistic beneficial ants (Parasites of mutualisms, 2001). This aspect contradicts to plants that provide housing needs to ant partners because they have enclosed features, can direct benefits to by either punishing or rewarding the ant groups depending on the behaviors they show. Sorting and classification in the oil palm plantations are attributed to affect bird's nest branc ...
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