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1. What are the biggest debates between science and ethics today? Can you predict what

some of the future debates might be? Use examples from the reading and cite your sources.

The development of science has always been seen as a threat to ethics and morality,

especially as certain discoveries have been, unfortunately, made at the cost of human

suffering. Nowadays, scientific and technological development has been regulated, to avoid

situations like this from happening again. Yet, though we are under stricter regulations, the

problem of ethical violations persists. For example, “improved treatments for infertility have

raised a host of unprecedented ethical and legal issues concerning the rights of children,

surrogate mothers, and biological and nonbiological parents” (McClellan, et al, 400). The

increase of children born due to in vitro fertilization increased rapidly since the technology was

discovered, and it is still a subject of controversy. Surrogacy, in particular, is often criticized for

being another way in which the rich exploit the poor. (Cite) Fortunately, medical research

tends to be under a lot of regulation. Unlike medical sciences, though, the development of

weapons is not under too strict a rule. Therefore, I think that one of the biggest ethical

challenges to come would be the incorporation of Lethal Autonomous Weapons, as robotics

and computer science advance to allow this to happen. As we stand, the machines are

plausible, but not completed. When developed, the scientific community would need to focus

on the ethical implications of their release, and advocate towards a solution that does not prove

deadly to us.

2. How were scientific methods of reason established during the Enlightenment introduced into

CHOOSE ONE: philosophy, literature, politics or economics?

The scientific method found itself being utilized in various other fields that were not entirely

scientific in nature. Though philosophy characterizes itself by the pursuit of rational thought, it

does not follow the strict scientific process. However, science was included into the study

during the Enlightenment. The discoveries of Isaac Newton, in particular, influenced a lot of

Enlightenment thinkers. Among them, we can find Voltaire, Montesquieu, Descartes and

Diderot. Newton’s work showed that reason and logical procedures were more than capable

of explaining the reality of the world around them. Science became a manner in which the

natural world could be understood without relying in mysticism or the supernatural. Seeing as

the Enlightenment sought to further the reasonable and logical pursuit of knowledge, the

merge of both was meant to happen. For the times, the existence of scientific inquiry of this

nature was almost revolutionary. After centuries of troubles, Western society was finally

exposed to an explanation of the world that was devoid of bias.

3. Were the scientific advancements of the Industrial Revolution more beneficial for travel or

commerce? Why? Discuss at least two inventions in your response. Use examples from the

reading and cite your sources.

The Industrial Revolution were beneficial to both travel and commerce, as different inventions

allowed for the quicker movement between places. However, if one were to choose which one

was more heavily impacted, travel would have to be it. For starters, the steam engine, “was a

technological innovation that changed the course of industrial development” (McEllan, et al,

283). It allowed for simpler, faster and more efficient travel. It was adopted into boats and

trains, thus facilitating movement through land and water. Without the steam engine, the

colonization of America would have been significantly stalled. Likewise, as the revolution

persisted, “the invention of the electric starter in 1912 and the introduction of balloon tires in

1921 were innovations that significantly improved the automobile,” (McEllan, et al, 341). The

automobile would further increase the ability of people to move and this time it would be

individuals in their individual machines own. The invention of the Wright brothers, too, would

open the possibility of traveling through the air. Now, we owe our ability to move between

continents, in relatively short periods of time, to this first invention. Though commerce also

benefitted from these inventions, it was not to the extent of travel.

4. What were some of the new branches of physical science, historical science and social science

that developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? Focus on one and explain how it

developed and how it helped diversify the field of science. Use examples from the reading and

cite your sources.

Genetics, nuclear and particle physics, psychology, biochemistry, sociology, archaeology and

cosmology all appeared in the world between the end of the 29

and the beginning of the 20

century. They were each the result of the work that had been done and the recent discoveries

made during the scientific revolution. Amongst the most important, I think, was the introduction

of genetics into the field. Genetics sets out to study the information that is stored in the genes

and the way in which they are passed. The study of trait inheritance has been proven to be

very important for the fields of medical sciences. Now, we have the knowledge that some

diseases or conditions are passed through inherited genes. And, because we are aware of

this, we can find better and more effective ways to combat or prevent them. The appearance

of genetics would also appear important for criminal science, archaeology and evolutionary

biology.

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1. What are the biggest debates between science and ethics today? Can you predict what some of the future debates might be? Use examples from the reading and cite your sources. The development of science has always been seen as a threat to ethics and morality, especially as certain discoveries have been, unfortunately, made at the cost of human suffering. Nowadays, scientific and technological development has been regulated, to avoid situations like this from happening again. Yet, though we are under stricter regulations, the problem of ethical violations persists. For example, “improved treatments for infertility have raised a host of unprecedented ethical and legal issues concerning the rights of children, surrogate mothers, and biological and nonbiological parents” (McClellan, et al, 400). The increase of children born due to in vitro fertilization increased rapidly since the technology was discovered, and it is still a subject of controversy. Surrogacy, in particular, is often criticized for being another way in which the rich exploit the poor. (Cite) Fortunately, medical research tends to be under a lot of regulation. Unlike medical sciences, though, the development of wea ...
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