For the Session Long Project for this class, you will be applying the concepts from the background materials to your own experiences in the workplace. More specifically, you will be examining the decisions and decision-making processes of the leadership of the organization you currently work for or one that you have worked for in the past.For this first SLP assignment, think about some major and minor decisions made by your managers that you were involved with or impacted by. Review the background material concepts, and think carefully about how you have personally observed some of these concepts. Then write a 2- to 3-page paper addressing the following issues:Give some specific examples of strategic and operational decisions that you have observed in your workplace. Give at least one example of each type of decision, and explain why you think this decision falls into this category with references to the background materials.Give some specific examples of both programmed and non-programmed decisions that you have observed. Give at least one example of each type of decision, and explain why you think this decision falls into this category with references to the background materials.Discuss the specific decision-making style of a supervisor you have worked closely with, and discuss whether this supervisor’s style is rational or intuitive. Give specific examples to explain your reasoning as to why you think this supervisor is rational or intuitive.

In this lab, you will learn how to use linear regression to build a predictive model of California house prices. Predictive modeling If you took CDS 101 in a previous semester, you should quickly review the new material added this semester about using models for prediction: Video 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwZwWkxqafs Video 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOvBYm9wyuA Modeling for prediction (commonly referred to as machine learning) has different objectives to modeling for understanding/explanation. In machine learning, we are most interested in whether our model will accurately predict data points in the future, and so we use a different workflow and different objectives to modeling for understanding. About the Data The dataset has already been randomly divided into training and test sets for you (in the train and test variables respectively). Each row contains information about a district in California; each column contains data on the characteristics of housing in those districts. VariableDescriptionlongitudethe E-W coordinate of the center of the districtlatitudethe N-S coordinate of the center of the districthousing_median_agethe median age of houses in the districttotal_roomsthe total number of rooms of houses in the districttotal_bedroomsthe total number of bedrooms of houses in the districtpopulationthe population of the districthouseholdsthe number of households in the districtmedian_incomemedian income of the districtmedian_house_valueresponse variable: the median value of houses in the districtocean_proximitycategorical variable that indicates if a district is inland, on the oceanfront, in a bay, etc. Exercises Install packages You will need to install the lmvar package by running this command in the RStudio console: install.packages("lmvar") Take a look at the train dataset in RStudio (remember that we should never look at our test dataset - otherwise we risk biasing our model).First, visualize the geographic distribution of the data by creating a scatter plot of the train data with longitude on the x-axis and latitude on the y-axis.To get an idea of the density of districts in different parts of the state, set the alpha parameter to a low-ish value (0.1 - 0.2).You should see that there are 3 rough clusters where districts are more dense: A southern coastal region A northern coastal region A northern internal region. The northern internal region is the Central Valley, which contains a number of cities including Sacramento and Fresno.What are the other two regions with a large density of districts? Take your code from Exercise 1, and copy it into a new chunk. Add a parameter inside the aes function to color the points by the median_house_value variable.Where do most of the high house values seem to be located in California? Visualize the relationships between the response variable median_house_value and the remaining continuous explanatory variables in the train dataset (i.e. not latitude and longitude, or ocean_proximity).To do this: gather the remaining continuous explanatory variables. Pipe the gathered data to ggplot and create scatter plots with the value column that you created in the gather function on the x-axis and median_house_value on the y-axis. facet_wrap over the key column that you created in the gather function. Use the scales="free" parameter to allow the axis limits to vary between facets. Using your graph, answer the following questions: Which variable has the most obvious relationship with median_house_value? What value does the response variable go up to? Do you think this will cause a problem for making predictions with a linear model, and why? Visualize the relationship between the response variable median_house_value and the categorical variable ocean_proximity by creating a box plot (the response variable should be on the y-axis, the categorical variable on the x-axis).Which category seems to have most of its districts distributed at low median house prices? Using the lm function, create a simple linear model where median_house_value is the response variable, and median_income is the explanatory variable. You will also need to supply the arguments y = TRUE and x = TRUE to the model, as in this example:<code> model_1 <- lm(... ~ ..., data = ..., y = TRUE, x = TRUE)</code> Remember to use the training dataset…Calculate the k-fold cross validation error of this model using the cv.lm function (from the lmvar package):<code> cv.lm(model_1, k =...)</code> Use k = 5. With a regression model, we typically calculate our error (i.e. our innaccuracy) with the root mean square error (RMSE, i.e. the square-root of the mean of the squared residuals). What is the validation RMSE of this model? Repeat the modeling process to create a new linear model, but this time use all the explanatory variables (categorical and continuous, including latitude and longitude).Hint As a short hand you can write . instead of writing out all the explanatory variables, i.e. `lm(y ~ .) Calculate and report the cross-validation error as before.Which model performs best? Using the best of the two models that you created in the previous two exercises, calculate its error at making predictions on the test dataset. (As a reminder, you should not have touched the test dataframe before this question.)To do this we can use the rmse function from the modelr package.The syntax of rmse is:<code> rmse(<MODEL>, <DATA>)</code> Pass in the model that did best at cross validation (either model_1 or model_2 [or whatever you called the model in Exercise 6]) and the test data.What is the root mean square error of this model on the test data. Is that better or worse than the error in cross validation (i.e. is your model more or less accurate on the test data)?