Terrorism is not a new threat to the citizens of the United States or other nations. For this Module’s discussion post provide an assessment of the evolution of terrorism in relation to the threats the United States confronts today. Your discussion should include historical examples of terrorism as a tactic, changes in terrorist motivations over time, what you think are the key events that shape the threat faced today.  Make sure you support your analysis with both the required readings and at least one outside source.  these sources should be cited in proper APA stay and reference included. Book TITLE: Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues 7th Edition AUTHOR: Martin, GusPUBLISHER: Sage PublicationsDATE: 2020ISBN: 978-1544375861 Post 1 The United States Department of Homeland Security was awoken by the devastating and long-lasting effects of the 9/11 attacks. This attack not only shook our nation but the entire world. The United States efforts and abilities to prevent foreign-origin attacks against our homeland is unmatched across the globe. As a nation, we face evolving and increasingly complicated threats of terrorism and targeted violence. The Department of Homeland Security remains focused on combatting foreign terrorist organizations that intend to or carry out attacks that strike our homeland directly or by inspiring susceptible individuals to become radicalized. We must initially confront the evolving challenges by building upon existing practices developed against foreign terrorist threats; identify promising new approaches; and develop a strategic vision that provides a more integrative approach to preventing terrorism and targeted violence that originates on or near our homeland. The Department of Homeland Security must further adapt to the evolving threats, overall enhancing the safety of our nation. The United States often experiences incidents of mass homicides that are perpetrated by individuals who usually enter a venue or facility and shoot victims at random, using high-powered firearms such as assault rifles and high-caliber handguns. Most of these individuals are lone-wolf terrorist or have no political profile. The United States as a whole faces threats of, State Terrorism; Dissident Terrorism; Religious Terrorism; Ideological Terrorism; International Terrorism; Criminal Dissident Terrorism; and Gender Selective Terrorism. Individual profiles, group dynamics. Political environments, and social processes are at the center of the unknown explanation as to why people and groups adopt fringe beliefs and engage in terrorist behavior. Social movements and traumatic events have been identified as two sources of terrorism. However, it is important to note that not all extremists become terrorist, but all terrorists are motivated by extremist beliefs. Motives behind terrorist behavior can include a range of factors. One of them being moral motivation, which is an unambitious conviction of the righteousness of one’s cause. Terrorists believe that they principles of their movement remain questionably sound. A second motive is the simplification of notions of good and evil, when terrorist presume that their cause and methods are completely justifiable because their opponents represent inveterate evil. Their plan is fully developed, there is no room for missing detail. A third factor is the adoption of utopian ideals by terrorist, whereby an idealized end justifies the use of violence. The fourth motive is critical to understanding terrorist behavior; it is the development of codes of self-sacrifice, when an ingrained belief system forms the basis for a terrorist’s lifestyle and conduct. Overall, these factors for a useful theoretical foundation for describing explaining terrorist motives. Assassination is a tactic that is used by mostly all terrorist organizations; however, they occur mush less frequently than other types of armed attacks. Assassination, as a terrorist tactic is defined as the targeted killing of a country’s public officials or individuals who represent the political, economic, military or security, social, religious or media establishments. The killings are usually motivated by politics or nationalism. Most assassinations occur to eliminate enemies, decrease government power, attract media attention, gain public opinions or for harsh revenge. Another example of terrorism as a tactic would be, hijacking. There have been many incidents, 9/11 included, where hostile actors have gained access to operational vehicles and used them to set forth their deadly attacks. The bombing at Peral Harbor, is also an example of a historical terrorist tactic to caused uproar in the United States and for our armed forces. Tactics that domestic terrorist use focus on using weapons such as firearms, explosives, vehicles, devices that hostile actors can gain access into. Our nation has committed various resources to national security and to countering terrorism. Throughout the United States history, there have been incidents that have shaped the threats we still face today. One of the biggest threats is that our homeland is still being invaded by outside forces. Although all attacks have impacted our nation, the attack on 9/11 is the key event that changed our country and has one of the biggest contributions to the threats we face today. The United States faces a constant threat of terrorism and targeted violence. Foreign terrorist organizations remain intent on striking our homeland either through directed attacks or by inspiring susceptible individuals located in the United States. Domestic actors and violent extremist are the biggest threat that will affect our nation long into the future. Every incident that has hit our nation has contributed to the threat that we face today. As our preventative measures along with investing in programs and efforts continuously enhance our security, hostile actors are also making many advancements to their systems and tactics. The challenges facing our Nation are significant, but through a whole-of-society approach that empowers our citizens and our state, local, tribal, and territorial authorities, as well as our private sector, non-governmental, and community leaders, the Department of Homeland Security will continue to adapt ahead of evolving threats and will enhance the safety of our Nation. Although the threat will always remain, our nation must continue to stop on top and remain as resilient as it is known to be. Dhs public action plan to implement strategic framework for countering terrorism and targeted violence (cttv framework). (2021, February 05). Retrieved April 09, 2021, from https://www.dhs.gov/news/2020/09/11/dhs-public-act... The terrorist threat confronting the United States. (2002, February 06). Retrieved September 09, 2021, from https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/testimony/t... Martin, G. (2021). Understanding terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and issues. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Second Response post The threat of terrorism is continuously changing. The history of terrorism can be traced back to the time of the Sicarii Zealots, in which the word is derived from the latin word “sica,” meaning “dagger.” The Zealots used daggers to murder individuals in large crowds, which differs from terrorism as we know it to be today. The Sicarii targeted other Jewish people who they believed to be allied with Romans during the first century. Terror was recognized more widely in 1795 in reference to the Reign of Terror, “with civil war spreading from the Vendée and hostile armies surrounding France on all sides, the Revolutionary government decided to make ‘Terror’ the order of the day… and to take harsh measures against those suspected of being enemies of the Revolution (nobles, priests, and hoarders)” (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1998). Here, the guillotine was widely used and further promoted terror. The video linked to our course assignments this week also mentions the four waves of modern terrorism, the Anarchist Wave, Anti-Colonial Wave, New Left Wave, and the Religious Wave. Terrorism during the Anarchist Wave focused on nationalism, which began in the 1880s. The first terrorist groups focused on revolution and destroying conventions (Rapoport, 2002, p. 5). Overtime, organizations associated with each wave of terrorism would subsequently lack and the wave would typically last longer than the reign of a given organization. The present wave, based on religion, began with the Iranian Revolution and eventually led to the Soviet Union pulling out of Afghanistan. This wave also led to an influx in suicide bombing and from this, Al Qaeda was founded around 1988 to do away with non-Islamic governments (Inside the Terror Network: Al Qaeda, n.d.). Terrorism is often a tactic used to change a given policy and implement fear, as discussed previously on the discussion board. David Rapoport expands on the four waves of terrorism in “The Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September 11,” states, “Jewish terrorists attempted to blow up Islam's most sacred shrine in Jerusalem and waged an assassination campaign against Palestinian mayors. One religious settler murdered 29 worshippers in Abraham's tomb (Hebron, 1994) and a fundamentalist assassinated Israeli Prime Minister Rabin (1995)” (Rapoport, 2002, p. 11). Today, there is a significant change in how acts of terror are carried out. Domestic terrorism is recognized and brought to attention by the media, in which, oftentimes, acts of domestic terrorism in the United States are carried out by individual terrorists. According to the FBI, “The threat of domestic terrorism also remains persistent overall, with actors crossing the line from exercising First Amendment-protected rights to committing crimes in furtherance of violent agendas” (Terrorism, n.d.). This is a change as well, as the history of terrorism, as mentioned, indicates that terrorist attacks are often carried out by groups or larger organizations. In support of this, “In the contemporary world, we can also observe a second type of terrorist, who does not act under the direction or authority of an organized group. Referred to as lone actors or lone wolves, they may share the ideology of a terrorist group to which they do not belong and with which they have not had direct physical contact” (Weissman et al 2014). Ideologies and concerns brought forth by lone terrorists are prevalent, which we also see more frequently in domestic terrorism and mass shootings in today’s modern world. References Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Reign of Terror. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 18, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror. FBI. (2016, May 3). Terrorism. FBI. Retrieved September 18, 2021, from https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism. Public Broadcasting Service. (n.d.). Al Qaeda - Inside the Terror Network. PBS. Retrieved September 18, 2021, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/network/alqaeda/indictment.html. Rapoport, D.C. (2002). The Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September 11. Weissman, S. H., Busch, K. G., & Schouten, R. (2014). Introduction to this issue: The Evolution of Terrorism From 1914 to 2014. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 32(3), 259–262. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2124