modes of e commerce

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1 
 
Introduction 
Electronic  commerce,  commonly  known  as  e-commerce,  ecommerce, 
eCommerce  or  e-comm,  refers  to  the buying  and  selling of  products or services 
over  electronic  systems  such  as  the  Internet  and  other  computer  networks.  The 
amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread 
Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing 
on  innovations  in  electronic  funds  transfer,  supply  chain  management,  Internet 
marketing,  online  transaction  processing,  electronic  data  interchange  (EDI), 
inventory  management  systems,  and  automated  data  collection  systems.  Modern 
electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the 
transaction's  life-cycle,  although  it  may  encompass  a  wider range  of  technologies 
such as e-mail, mobile devices and telephones as well. 
A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely in electronic form 
for  virtual items such  as access  to  premium content on  a  website, but  mostly 
electronic commerce  involves the  transportation of  physical  items in some way. 
Online  retailers  are  sometimes  known  as  e-tailers  and  online  retail  is  sometimes 
known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers are now electronically present on the World 
Wide Web. 
Electronic  commerce  that  takes  place  between  businesses  is  referred  to  as 
business-to-business  or  B2B.  B2B  can  be  open  to  all  interested  parties  (e.g. 
commodity  exchange)  or  limited  to  specific,  pre-qualified  participants  (private 
electronic market). Electronic commerce that takes place between businesses and 
consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This 
is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com. 
Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where the buyer is directly online 
to the seller's computer usually  via the internet. There is  often no intermediary 
service  involved,  and  the  sale  or  purchase  transaction  is  completed  electronically 
and interactively  in real-time. However in some cases, an intermediary may be 
present in a sale or purchase transaction, or handling recurring or one-time purchase 
transactions for online games. 
 

2 
 
1. Early development 
Originally,  electronic  commerce  was  identified  as  the  facilitation  of  commercial 
transactions  electronically,  using  technology  such  as Electronic  Data  Interchange 
(EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introduced in the late 
1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or 
invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller 
machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic 
commerce. Another form of e-commerce was the airline reservation system typified 
by Sabre in the USA and Travicom in the UK. 
From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise 
resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing 
In  1990,  Tim  Berners-Lee  invented  the  WorldWideWeb  web  browser  and 
transformed  an  academic  telecommunication  network  into  a  worldwide  everyman 
everyday communication system called internet/www. Commercial enterprise on the 
Internet  was  strictly  prohibited  by  NSF  until  1995.  Although  the  Internet  became 
popular  worldwide around  1994  with the  adoption of  Mosaic  web browser,  it took 
about  five  years  to  introduce  security  protocols  and  DSL  allowing  continual 
connection to the Internet. By the end of 2000,  many European and American 
business companies offered their services through the World Wide Web. Since then 
people began to associate a word "ecommerce" with the ability of purchasing various 
goods through the Internet using secure protocols and electronic payment services. 
 
2. Common applications related to Electronic commerce 
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are the following: 
  Document automation in supply chain and logistics 
  Domestic and international payment systems 
  Enterprise content management 
  Group buying 
  Automated online assistants 

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Introduction Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, ecommerce, eCommerce or e-comm, refers to the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction's life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices and telephones as well. A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely in electronic form for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but mostly electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers are now electronically present on the World Wide Web. Electronic commerce that takes place between businesses is referred to as business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private e ...
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