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Case study Mechanical Measurements

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MODULE 1
Mechanical Measurements
1. Introduction to Mechanical Measurements
Figure 1 Why make measurements?
We recognize three reasons for making measurements as indicated in
Figure 1. From the point of view of the course measurements for commerce is
outside its scope.
Engineers design physical systems in the form of machines to serve
some specified functions. The behavior of the parts of the machine during the
operation of the machine needs to be examined or analyzed or designed such that
it functions reliably. Such an activity needs data regarding the machine parts in
terms of material properties. These are obtained by performing measurements in
the laboratory.
Why
Measure?
Generate
Data for
Design
Generate Data to
Validate or Propose a
Theory
For Commerce

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The scientific method consists in the study of nature to understand the
way it works. Science proposes hypotheses or theories based on observations
and need to be validated with carefully performed experiments that use many
measurements. When once a theory has been established it may be used to make
predictions which may themselves be confirmed by further experiments.
Measurement categories
1. Primary quantity
2. Derived quantity
3. Intrusive Probe method
4. Non-intrusive
Measurement categories are described in some detail now.
1. Primary quantity:
It is possible that a single quantity that is directly measurable is of
interest. An example is the measurement of the diameter of a cylindrical specimen.
It is directly measured using an instrument such as vernier calipers. We shall refer
to such a quantity as a primary quantity.
2. Derived quantity:
There are occasions when a quantity of interest is not directly measurable
by a single measurement process. The quantity of interest needs to be estimated
by using an appropriate relation involving several measured primary quantities.
The measured quantity is thus a derived quantity. An example of a derived
quantity is the determination of acceleration due to gravity (g) by finding the period
(T) of a simple pendulum of length (L). T and L are the measured primary
quantities while g is the derived quantity.

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MODULE 1 Mechanical Measurements 1. Introduction to Mechanical Measurements Figure 1 Why make measurements? We recognize three reasons for making measurements as indicated in Figure 1. From the point of view of the course measurements for commerce is outside its scope. Engineers design physical systems in the form of machines to serve some specified functions. The behavior of the parts of the machine during the operation of the machine needs to be examined or analyzed or designed such that it functions reliably. Such an activity needs data regarding the machine parts in terms of material properties. These are obtained by performing measurements in the laboratory. The scientific method consists in the study of nature to understand the way it works. Science proposes hypotheses or theories based on observations and need to be validated with carefully performed experiments that use many measurements. When once a theory has been established it may be used to make predictions which may themselves be confirmed by further experiments. Measurement categories 1. Primary quantity 2. Derived quantity 3. Intrusive – Probe method 4. Non-intrusive Measurement categories are described in some detail now. 1. Primary quantity: It is possible that a single quantity that is directly measurable is of interest. An example is the measurement of the diameter of a cylindrical specimen. It is directly measured using an instrument such as vernier calipers. We shall refer to such ...
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