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Systems microbiology exam 2 review

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20.106 Midterm 2 Review Session Megan McBee November 7th, 2006 Topics • • • • Nitrogen Cycle Communities, symbiosis, genome reduction Horizontal Gene Transfer Biotechnology Nitrogen Cycle Important Reactions 9Nitrogen Assimilation Incorporation of to NH3 into organic molecules (R-NH2) 9Deamination Deamination of organic molecules releasing NH3 9Nitrification 9Denitrification 9N2 Fixation Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrification Oxidation of NH3 to NO2- then NO3 - Only carried out by microbes ƒ Soil and aquatic bacteria ƒ Aerobic chemolithoautotrophic two step process ƒ Ammonia oxidizers (Nitrosomonas, Nitrosocococcus, Nitrosospira, archaea) ƒ Nitrite oxidizers (Nitrobacter, Nitrospira) ƒ Enzyme is ammonia monooxygenase Nitrogen Cycle: Denitrification Nitrate reduction, conversion of NO3 - to N2 gas Only carried out by microbes ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Anaerobic chemoheterotrophic process Facultative anaerobes in sediment and oxygen-limited water Anaerobic respiration (using Nitrate and Nitrite as TEAP) Oxidation of organic matter for energy Several enzyme systems--dissimilatory nitrate reductase Loss of Nitrogen from system Nitrate to ammonia NOT denitrification Plants perfom assimilatory nitrate reduction 9 Convert NO3 - to organic nitrogen (R-NH2) Nitrogen Cycle: N2 Fixation Molecular conversion of N2 gas to NH3 (exist in solution as NH4+) • ANAEROBIC • Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Archaea • Requires nitrogenase enzyme – 21 genes – 8 subunits/ac ...
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