1 Assignment 1 Author Subject Course Code Instructor Submission Date 2 Assignment 1 Post 1-a in Chapter 7 of I Contain Multitudes. Ed Yong is visiting a nursery shed loaded with vegetation just as bugs like leafhoppers, aphids, and sharpshooters, "minuscule bugs that cut plants with puncturing mouthparts and suck the liquid from their vessels" (Yong, 2018). He mentions that microbes are fundamental for the plant's function, the endurance of the nuisances, and the safeguard of plants and bugs. Ong subtleties the German zoologist Paul Buchner's perceptions that the "beneficial interaction among creatures and organisms… was the standard rather than the exemption" (Yong, 2018). Here, we see aphids eating the phloem sap by being supported their endurance by their symbiont Buchanera, with Buchanera giving essential supplements. All of the essential amino acids needed by each living being for food to said aphids, the aphids provided as grub to different creepy crawlies, are eaten by other hunters. The environmental cycle proceeds genuinely charming in its part. The aphids' primary concern is devouring the sap, which is bereft of actually any sustenance; the aphid depends on the symbiont Buchanera. Without these microscopic organisms sharing their capacity to transform the fluid into food, and the host, the aphid, providing a body, neither would get by. The two are entwined and utterly dependent upon one another. Altogether, for commonly guaranteed a positive outcome, "microorganisms and different organisms have permitted creatures to rise above their fundamental animalness" (Yong, 2018). It is beneficial for both the participants both get benefits in one way or another. Living beings likewise protect themselves somehow. Yong states microbes are "experts of natural chemistry". It permits some nonedible food varieties to be processed and supplements consumed by life forms to keep creatures from annihilation (Yong, 2018). Microbes can make even cyanide palatable for particular animals (Yong, 2018). Which then, at that point, carries us to section 8, Allegro in E Major, quality sharing and transferring. Young describes the genetic basis and process of DNA transfer. He explained how a gene is taken from the paternal side and moved to the next generation. Yong depicts how microscopic organisms "trade DNA as effectively as we may trade telephone numbers, cash, or thoughts" utilizing even quality exchanges or HGT (Yong, 2018, p 191). It HGT can be positive and harmful; by "presenting helpful microbial capacities to creature beneficiaries… the actual 3 microorganisms shrivel and rot" (Yong, 2018, p 200). Giving the creature a developmental leap to keep up with itself in the biological framework, HGT leaves the "hereditary inheritances" of the organism, while the actual microorganism may "vanish totally" (Yong, 2018) These symbionts may lay lethargic, striking as anti-microbials when required. Yong's aphid model shows how the microorganisms went about as "a wasp-killing guardian" when Aphidius ervi wasps are presented as aphid bother control and the aphid's organism Hamiltonella safeguard goes to work (2018). The microbe was very infected, a phage, remaining incorporated in the DNA for ages, going to the bleeding edge depending on the situation (Yong, 2018). What's more, we perceive how microorganisms are vital to the function of a creature, in itself, its self-protection, its sustenance, and nature overall. References Yong, E. (2018). I contain multitudes: The microbes within us and a grander view of life: Ecco, an imprint of Harper Collins Publishers. Post 1-b Page 288 and 289 of Human body: An illustrated guide to every part of the human body and how it works, the main point that author described is developmental milestones in child's growth. He explained different growth and development milestones that can be categorized into five major areas: Physical growth, learning ability, psychosocial development, literacy skills, and sensory and motor evolution are all factors to consider (Baggaley, 2001). Developmental milestones are patterns of behaviour or physical attributes that infants and toddlers exhibit as they grow and mature. Accomplishments include rolling over, crawling, walking, and talking. Each age group has its own set of milestones. Each stage has a reasonable range within which a child can attain it. Walking, for example, can begin as early as eight months, in particular toddlers. Others walk at 18 months, and it is still deemed normal. Baggaley discussed several behaviours children exhibit during their formative and growing periods on these pages. He stated that children might hear and have some responses from infancy. They 4 can only lie down from birth, and if they are not fed, they usually sleep after becoming fed. It is a common trait that all children, including infants, exhibit. All newborns can sit with help from the first month, and by six months, they can crawl and stand for brief periods with assistance (Baggaley, 2001). A typical youngster has a life span of 12 to 18 months and uses his motor skills exceptionally well to learn from his surroundings. By age, he can walk with the help of solids and can easily walk by himself. Children emerge on the scene rapidly, depending on the circumstances. They begin to learn about themselves as persons, with distinct wants and desires, after a period of being introduced to the world. They are very close to their family, preferring them above strangers, and are restless when alone. Infants might watch different infants a ways off; however, they are offered their first chances for comparable age social communications when entering preschool. It is likewise when children gradually become acquainted with isolating from their folks. Youngsters begin to perceive the wants and feelings of other children throughout the next two or three years. They are given a chance to figure out how to perceive things, have a point of view, and alternate as a compromise. When development proceeds and youngsters are instructed accurately, they continue to build their social skills. Improvement in one space is affected by the advancement in different areas. Thus postponement or breach in any of these spaces ought to be noticed distinctly and approached profoundly with the goal that extreme result as "commonplace turn of events" isn't impacted. Anytime early stages and toddlerhood assuming deferral in formative achievement is noticed, they are considered "Warnings" and show the immediate requirement for "early mediation". The initial three years of life is considered a "basic period" in a kid's life. The tactile encounters, incitement and language openness, might decide synaptogenesis, myelination and neuronal availability. The cerebrum creates by an "encounter dependant" process where encounters enact specific pathways in mind, coordinating the cerebrum's basic design and making the establishments for all next turn of events and conduct. The chief is "Use it or lose it" and "use it and develop it". The youngster is viewed as in danger because of antagonistic hereditary, pre-natal, peri-natal, neonatal and ecological impacts that might prompt ensuing formative deferral (Kakebeeke et al., 2018). 5 References Baggaley, A. (2001). Human body: An illustrated guide to every part of the human body and how it works. Dorling Kindersley. Kakebeeke, T. H., Knaier, E., Chaouch, A., Caflisch, J., Rousson, V., Largo, R. H., & Jenni, O. G. (2018). Neuromotor development in children. Part 4: new norms from 3 to 18 years. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 60(8), 810–819. Blackwell publishing. https://doi.org/10.1111/DMCN.13793 Schaffer, H. R. (1996). Social development. - PsycNET. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1996-06475-000 Post 2a The microbial ecology of animals, including humans, is discussed in Chapter 9 of "I Contain Multitudes" author Ed Yong describes the pathogenicity of microbe Wolbachia and its influence on human reaction triggers. Yong describes the cases of parasitic attacks and how these parasites and pathogens enter the body, grow and reproduce them and cause a severe infection. He also told ecology and the antibiotic treatment of such diseases that parasites cause, such as elephantitis and other illnesses, cannot inflict harm without the assistance of Wolbachia, and vice versa. If the parasite is eliminated, the discharge of germs causes more significant damage to the human body than the parasite itself, which frequently kills the human host (2018). The parasite dies, the bacterium dies, and the system becomes exhausted. The third argument is that bacteria may one day be created to order (2018); for example, if you have a cold, you may introduce such and such germs to combat the infection and enhance your immune system. Is it possible for a particularly severe virus to wipe out the healthy gut bacteria? Never worry; its capsule containing a combination of bacteria will kill the virus while restoring your gut environment to its healthy or better state. As we've shown so far, the microbiome is an ecological system in and of itself, and by regulating certain microorganisms, we may either restore 6 or devastate that system. Yong cautions that the "maths of the microbiome are more difficult" than simply adding what is required and removing what is not (2018). Even introducing beneficial microorganisms might have devastating consequences. However, technology and medicine are gradually gaining knowledge of the microbiome that will fundamentally alter how we think about and utilize microorganisms, culminating in "microbes as a resource." In The final chapter, Tomorrow the World, Yong uses its theory of good microbes as parts or pieces of the environment (2018).accoring to him, not all microbes are pathogenic. Some can b used for betterment and decrease death and disease rates caused by other microbes. for example, some viruses can be used to kill bacterial species that are incredibly pathogenic. He explains that extreme cleanliness and sterilization can also cause diseases to spread in healthcare facilities and wards. All the things we come in contact with in any way are a habitat for microbes, and we cannot control them. Even inert items overflow with live organisms, transforming them into living beings. Jack Gilbert intends to introduce "microbial spheres" into various regions of human surroundings and beyond to create a better world all around. Everything we touch, smell, taste, brush against, and deposit and collect microorganisms. We could add an excellent lifespan to any living creature by managing the good, terrible, and ugly, improving the situation in which the organism finds itself. References Yong, E. (2018). I contain multitudes: The microbes within us and a grander view of life. Ecco, an imprint of Harper Collins Publishers. Response 2b On-Page 379 and 380 of the Human body: An illustrated guide to every part of the human body and how it works, the author described common cold, influenza and sinusitis. These are respiratory disorders, widespread people. Blockages and viral infections cause these airways disorders (Baggaley, 2001). On page 379, he described the immune response to the common cold in detail. The common cold is considered a nose and throat disease (upper respiratory tract). It's ordinarily innocuous, even when it doesn't feel differently. A variety of viruses can cause colds. Every year, healthy 7 individuals should expect to catch two or three colds. Colds may be more common in infants and young children. The average person recovers from a typical cold in around a week or ten days. Although several viruses can produce a common cold, rhinoviruses are the most frequent. The common cold virus enters your body by your lips, eyes, or nose. When sick coughs, sneezes or speaks, the virus might spread by droplets in the air. When the virus enters cells, it stimulates the immune system, causing lymphocytes to go to the site of infection and starve their phagocytic action. Typically, the illness subsides after 2-3 days (Myo Clinic, 2011). On the next page, the author describes influenza and sinusitis. Both are prevalent among children and adults and can be in epidemic form. Influenza is a viral contamination that assaults your respiratory framework — your nose, throat and lungs. For the vast majority, seasonal influenza settles all alone. However, influenza and its difficulties can be destructive once in a while. It season's virus may appear to be a standard cold at first, with a runny nose, wheezing, and sore throat. Colds often develop gradually, but seasonal influenza typically occurs out of nowhere. Furthermore, while a virus might be bothersome, influenza usually makes you feel a lot worse. When someone with influenza hacks, sniffles, or speaks, the virus spreads across the air in droplets. Individuals with the virus are potentially contagious from approximately a day before symptoms appear to about five days after they appear. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be infectious for longer. Influenza infections are constantly evolving, with new strains appearing regularly. If you've had influenza previously, your body has already produced antibodies to combat that specific strain of the sickness. If future influenza infections are similar to ones you've had previously, either through illness or immunization, those antibodies may prevent or lessen the severity of the disease. However, immune response levels may decline over time. Similarly, antibodies against earlier influenza infections may not protect you from new influenza strains, which may be very different illnesses from those you had previously. Sinusitis, as per Baggaley, is "an irritation, or enlarging, of the tissue covering the sinuses." Sinusitis is an aggravation or expansion of the sinus tissue. Sinuses are empty spaces between your eyes, behind your cheekbones, and in your brow (Mayoclinic, 2021). They produce bodily fluid, which assists with keeping your nose wet. It, thus, helps with the security against residue, 8 hypersensitivities, and poisons. Sinusitis is brought about by an infection, bacterium, or growth that causes enlarging and blockage of the sinuses. I have experienced flu and sinusitis. These are the worst condition I think a person has. These can be avoided by steam, proper rest and preventing cold air and interactions with affected people. References Baggaley, A. (2001). Human body: An illustrated guide to every part of the human body and how it works Mayo Clinic. (2011, June 11). Common cold - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. Myoclinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/symptoms-causes/syc20351605 Mayoclinic. (2021, July 16). Chronic sinusitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. Myoclinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-sinusitis/symptoms-causes/syc20351661 9 Final post Relationship between anatomy, physiology, diseases and ecology human beings have a well established and organized system that maintains the integrity of their body and internal environment. they have specialized cells that perform their particular functions and make a complex network. They have body structure according to the physiology of their needs, and their bodies are evolved with time to get the optimum and the best traits. In human bodies, anatomy and physiology are interconnected and correlated. Their anatomy and physiology are different from mother mammals and other animals. For example, it is said that humans have evolved from chimpanzees and monkeys. They had different anatomies while humans evolved according to environmental conditions. for example, limbs evolved into arms and legs for sppedy movements and ecological needs with time. Similarly, it can be observed in different body organs that humans have made evolutions (Baggaley, 2001). The brain has developed into another specialized region to control other specific functions in humans. Anatomy is the study of the structures associated with the human body. The study of the function of each of these structures is known as physiology. The human body is frequently seen as a complicated mechanism. Overall, all pieces must be present for the machine to work, and each of these parts must perform optimally. If the patient's organs or organ frameworks are not functioning normally, they are depicted as ill. Let's take a look at a specific model. A few people experience a decrease (debilitating) in arterial mass. It's referred to as an aneurysm. The blood in the conduits is being squeezed. The pressure becomes significantly more noticeable when we engage in movement-like activities. If the artery's mass is powerless and the pressure on the blood increases to an extreme, the vessel may split (burst aneurysm) and the patient may drain painfully. The design (vessel divider) has been altered such that the artery does not fulfil its role at this point (containing the blood). Human anatomy and physiology are interconnected, but physiology and anatomy strongly connect with the flora of gut and flora present on the skin. Suppose we compare these microbes with other animals. All animals have specific microbes that help maintain homeostasis and proper physiology of other organs (Yong,2018). such as bacteria in the human colon produce vitamin K that helps in clotting wounds with seum proteins and are isndirectly involved with the immune system (institute of systems biology, 2019). 10 Human physiology and anatomy are interconnected and have a strong relationship with ecology. Environmental conditions have a substantial effect on body functioning. For example, if the environment's temperature decrases, that body maintains the temperature to the optimum by different internal activities such as inactivation of sweating etc. (What Is Ecology? – The Ecological Society of America, n.d.). It shows that in all characteristics of humans, their body anatomy, physiology, and body flora are strongly interconnected, dependent on environmental conditions (Galvani et al., 2016). What it is that makes a human being Humans and other animals have striking physical similarities. We are made of the same image and likeness and experience the same primary life phases. However, reminders of our common ancestry with other animals have become behavioural taboos: intercourse, puberty, conception, birth, eating, excrement, urine, blood, disease, and death. It's a shambles. Even if we try to hide it, the evidence supporting evolutionary consistency between human and animal anatomy is compelling. After all, humans may use animal organs and tissues to repair our damaged body components, such as a pig's heart valve. Because humans and other animals bodies are so similar, a massive industry performs research on animals to evaluate pharmaceuticals and treatments meant for people ([EGOC] Are We Animals? : Animal Behavior and Human Nature (Professor Jae Chun Choe) - YouTube, n.d.). Humans and animals have an undeniable bodily connection. But the mind is a different storey (Suddendorf, 2014). Humans have been able to control fire thanks to our mental powers. We make do with what we have. Even if human imaginations have created kingdoms and technologies that have changed the face of the Earth, our closest animal cousins remain inconspicuously concealed in their last remaining woodlands. There appears to be a significant difference between human and cattle minds, but identifying the true nature of this divergence has been notoriously difficult. People's ideas on animal minds might be drastically opposite at times. At one extreme, we imbue our pets with intelligence, treating them as if they were miniature people dressed in fuzzy suits. On the other hand, we regard animals as mindless bio-machines—consider how animals are sometimes treated in the food industry. Most people fluctuate between such readings depending on the scenario. 11 There are different hypotheses regarding what makes us human—a few are connected or interconnected. The subject of human life has been contemplated for millennia. Antiquated Greek logicians Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle all guessed about the idea of human life as having endless savants. Researchers have also created speculations with the revelation of fossils and logical proof. While there might be no single end, there is no question that people are, to be sure, exceptional. The actual demonstration of considering what makes us human is extraordinary among creature species. Most species that have ever existed on Earth have been killed off, including several early human species. Transformative science and logical reasoning show that humans sprang from apelike progenitors in Africa more than 6 million years ago. Data from early-human fossils and archaeological remains suggest 15 to 20 distinct types of early humans a few million years ago. These species, called hominins, relocated into Asia around 2 million years prior, then, at that point, into Europe and the remainder of the world a lot later. Albeit various parts of people vanished, the branch prompting the cutting edge human, Homo sapiens, kept on developing (Gazzaniga, 2000). People share much in terms of physiology with other well-evolved organisms on Earth. Still, in terms of hereditary attributes and morphology, they are most comparable to two other extant primate species: the chimp and the bonobo, with whom we devoted the most efforts in the phylogenetic tree. Regardless of how similar we are to chimps and bonobos, the differences are enormous. Aside from the apparent intellectual abilities that distinguish us as a species, individuals have a few distinct physicals, social, biological, and enthusiastic features. Even though we can't know exactly what's in the personalities of other species, researchers may develop deductions from studies of creature behaviour that illuminate our accord. Thomas Suddendorf, teacher of brain research at the University of Queensland, Australia, and creator of "The Gap: The Science of What Separates Us From Other Animals," says that "by building up the presence and nonappearance of mental characteristics in different creatures, we can make a superior comprehension of the advancement of the psyche. The conveyance of quality across related animal types can reveal insight into when and on what branch or parts of the genealogy the characteristic is probably going to have developed." 12 However close as people may be to different primates, speculations from various fields of study, including science, brain research, and paleoanthropology, hypothesize that specific characteristics are exceptionally human. It is difficult to name the particular human attributes as a whole or arrive at a flat out meaning of "what makes us human" for an animal group as complicated as our own. Scientists, too, appear to advocate opposing viewpoints, which seem to be geared at either ensuring human domination or discrediting human hubris. On the one hand, experts say unequivocally that humans are unique due to characteristics such as communication, premonition, imagination, cognition, civilization, or morals. On the other hand, studies frequently claim to have proven animal abilities previously thought to be exclusive to humans (Boesch, 2007). You may think that the truth is commonly located somewhere in the centre. In THE GAP, I examine what we now know and don't know as to what distinguishes human brains from other types of minds but how it distinction developed. It is past time for substantial progress on these fundamental issues. The stakes are nothing but recognizing our role in ecology. Determining the nature of the gap has significant pragmatic ramifications, such as pinpointing the genetic and neurological origins of higher mental capacities. Those species-specific characteristics are most likely due to differences in our brain and genetics. A better grasp of what we share with other animals can significantly impact animal welfare. Many people's attitudes regarding blood sports and animal abuse have shifted due to evidence of animals' shared characteristics of mental anguish discomfort. Identifying their intellectual abilities, goals, and requirements can give a stronger scientific foundation for our judgments about treating diverse species. It might be time to reconsider the idea that psychologically complex organisms are legally classified as things like automobiles or iPhones. As per comparative investigations, our nearest creature cousins, the incredible primates, share specific surprising capacities with people, like the ability to recognize their appearance in mirrors. Such disclosures have provoked solicitations to remember incredible gorillas for our general public of equivalents, with legitimate restricting privileges. In any case, we should consider their extraordinary capacities, yet additionally their limits, because with benefits come obligations, for example, regarding the freedoms of others. Anyway, we may be delighted to loosen up the right to life, opportunity, and autonomy from torture to gorillas (in this manner would summon someone who kills a chimp). Would we be comparably happy with the contrary side of the coin? Would we 13 put a gorilla being examined for manslaughter? In 2002, Frodo, a 27-year-old chimpanzee focused by Jane Goodall, snatched and killed a fourteen-month-old human small kid, Miasa Sadiki, in Tanzania. I don't remember it requires a primer. Moreover, would it fit for us to police chimp primate advantages encroachment? No doubt there would be little point in summoning male orangutans for attack or a chimpanzee for youngster murder. Notwithstanding, people used to figure animals could be viewed as careful as individuals can. During the European Middle Ages, animals were, in all honesty, frequently put being researched for dishonest showings like crime or theft (Gazzaniga, 2000). They were given lawful counsellors and disciplines that matched individuals' tantamount destructive behaviours. For instance, in 1386 a court in Falaise, France, endeavoured and arraigned a sow for killing an infant kid. The killer, in its way, hung the pig in the public square. Her piglets had furthermore been charged at this point, after considering, were justified considering their youth. One of the keys ascribes that makes us human has every one of the reserves is that we can consider elective destinies and make intentional choices suitably. Creatures without such a cutoff can't be bound into a typical understanding and accept moral responsibility. At the point when we become aware of what we cause, in any case, we may feel morally obliged to change our method of living. So know, then, that a wide range of chimps is at risk of end through human development. We are the primary species on its planet with the premonition ready to plot a way toward a positive long stretch future deliberately. Plan it for the chimps; since they can't. When characterizing a widespread human instinct, the conspicuous beginning stage is to take a gander at our lineage. Where do we come from? What is naturally shared by all people? What is the developmental hypothesis of humankind? We are not intuition driven creatures. When we glance back at our predecessors, we plummeted from animals, all the more explicitly the Hominids, the gathering of incredible chimps. However, which isolates us from creatures is the size of our cerebrums. With the advancement of more noteworthy mind sizes comes an acknowledgement of self, a type of cognizance. A conscious brain permits us to gauge choices and expected results against one another and choose the best option. That goes per our ownership of three-sided mindfulness (Zlatey et al., 2009) 14 It implies that we can survey what impact our activities have on a relationship that two others share, with whom we also have a relationship. All in all, what they are saying about us when we are not there. Even though we have similar natural water, food and sex requirements as creatures, and we want to make a point to satisfy them consistently to remain alive, it isn't our impulse that drives us to fulfil these necessities. For instance, we settle on conscious choices regarding what we eat and when or how much. Professor of Psychology Thomas Suddendorf, author of 'The Gap: The Science of What Separates Us from Other Animals', describes that One of the key attributes that make us human gives off an impression that we can contemplate elective prospects settle on conscious decisions appropriately. Animals without such a limit can't be bound into a standard agreement and assume moral liability. When we become mindful with regards to what we cause, notwithstanding, we might feel ethically obliged to alter our way of life (Pollard, 2009) Development and accordingly our qualities figure out what we can become, though the financial climate brings out practices that match the abilities, convictions and upsides of that social gathering. We are not a homo economicus that settles on objective choices like machines. Instead, we are continually battling with characterizing our social personality, arriving at uniqueness and opportunity, while simultaneously not having any desire to be viewed as a pariah. Our flourish for being idealistic and making the best decision, because of what we accept and esteem, is continually tested by our requirement for social belongingness and finding a place with the assessment of the more significant part. Nonetheless, we can settle on conscious choices and finish with our activities, battling our senses despite extreme conditions. We make a new thing by developing on others' thoughts and adding our point of view, which assists us with making fast interaction. Our honest conviction is to decide and coordinate humankind into a bearing that is on the long haul advantageous for everybody, regardless of whether it includes individual experiencing for the time being. Our core value is the impact we have on others, a procedure of sympathy, to arrive at our objectives and at the same time help others arrive at theirs also. What makes us human is impeccably communicated in the way of thinking of Ubuntu: "The main way for me to be human is for you to mirror my mankind back at me." 15 References Yong, E. (2018). I contain multitudes: The microbes within us and a grander view of life. Ecco, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers. Baggaley, A. (2001). Human body: An illustrated guide to every part of the human body and how it works [EGOC] Are We Animals? : Animal Behavior and Human Nature (Professor Jae Chun Choe) YouTube. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6gt9iAMebw Galvani, A. P., Bauch, C. T., Anand, M., Singer, B. H., & Levin, S. A. (2016). Human– environment interactions in population and ecosystem health. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(51), 14502–14506. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1618138113 Gazzaniga, M. (2000). Human-The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique. http://repository.umpwr.ac.id:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/429/Human%20%20The%20Science%20Behind%20What%20Makes%20Us%20Unique.pdf?sequence= 1 institute of systems biology. (2019, February 13). All About the Human Microbiome - YouTube. Institute of Systems Biology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xd87o_wBzDE Suddendorf, T. (2014, March 10). What Makes Us Human? | Psychology Today. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/uniquely-human/201403/what-makesus-human What Is Ecology? – The Ecological Society of America. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2021, from https://www.esa.org/about/what-does-ecology-have-to-do-with-me/ Boesch, C. (2007). What makes us human (Homo sapiens)? The challenge of cognitive crossspecies comparison. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 121(3), https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.121.3.227 Pollard, K. S. (2009). What makes us human?. Scientific American, 300(5), 44-49. 227–240. 16 Zlatev, J., Racine, T. P., Sinha, C., & Itkonen, E. (2008). What makes us human. The shared mind: Perspectives on intersubjectivity, 12(1), 1-14. Name: Description: ...